In Hard Times, Charles Dickens explores the conflict between imagination and utilitarianism. The novel critiques the utilitarian philosophy that prioritizes facts and efficiency over creativity and individuality. Dickens uses the characters and setting to highlight the dehumanizing effects of this philosophy, particularly in the industrial town of Coketown and the Gradgrind family.

Thomas Gradgrind embodies the utilitarian approach, emphasizing facts and dismissing imagination. His educational philosophy is based on "hard data," leaving no room for creativity. This rigid approach leads to "hard times" for his family, as seen in Louisa's emotionally barren life and Tom's moral failures. Gradgrind's realization of his failure to instill a moral compass in his children underscores the novel's critique of utilitarianism.

The structure of the novel into three books—"Sowing," "Reaping," and "Garnering"—serves as a metaphor for the consequences of utilitarianism. Gradgrind "sows" the seeds of this philosophy in his children, leading to disastrous outcomes in "Reaping," such as Louisa's unhappy marriage and Tom's criminal behavior. "Garnering" reflects the attempt to mend the damage, highlighting the emotional coldness resulting from their upbringing.

Coketown, the industrial setting, further illustrates the theme. The town's monotonous, soot-covered environment reflects the utilitarian focus on efficiency over beauty. Factory workers are treated as mere objects for profit, mirroring the dehumanizing effects of Gradgrind's educational methods. Dickens contrasts this with the natural passage of time, suggesting that industrialization has replaced the variety and beauty of life with relentless toil.

Sissy Jupe, referred to as "girl number twenty," symbolizes the suppression of individuality under utilitarianism. Gradgrind's refusal to acknowledge her real name reflects the system's disregard for imagination and personal identity. Dickens uses this to argue for the importance of nurturing creativity and individuality in education and society.