What literary techniques does R. K. Narayan use in The Guide?

R. K. Narayan's novel The Guide uses the literary technique of a frame narrative—that is, it is a story within a story, as Narayan tells the readers the story of Raju's life and Raju narrates the story of his past life to Velan. This technique of double narrative is full of flashbacks and time shifts. The narrator continuously switches between first-person and third-person narration. The novel can be understood in two parts: one part is set in Malgudi and the other in Mangal, and these parts move simultaneously in the novel.

Narayan narrates the story as a detached observer; therefore, the story is more descriptive and less analytical.

Simplicity of language, a hallmark of Narayan's writings, is seen in this novel as well. The language used is unpretentious and natural.

The author employs the use of imagery to bring out some vivid images. The town of Magudi is described in such a way that the author paints the picture of a small, peaceful town. The town reflects the image of an ordered and self-sufficient place. Raju's childhood home and his father's shop are other images of simple rural households. The image of Rosy dancing is yet another wonderful image. The image of Raju standing in the knee-deep river water is an important concluding image.

Narayan uses irony to satirize the villagers' system of beliefs, superstitions, and worship, but he does so in a very subtle manner.

Both the town of Malgudi and the village of Mangal are symbols of native strength and collectiveness. The coming of the railways to Malgudi is symbolic of transformation. The temple is a symbol of the people's faith in religion. Raju's fasting is a symbol of the beliefs of this rural Indian community. Raju's penance is symbolic of atonement. And finally, the water of the river is a symbol of purification.

Narayan uses the interesting technique of a varied narrative perspective.  The story shifts back and forth between first and third person narrative; at times it is Raju, the main character speaking, and at other times the story is told from the point of view of an omniscient narrator.  The author also utilizes cinematic elements such as flashbacks and jump cuts. 

Another technique Narayan uses is imagery and symbolism which is rooted in Indian culture but has universal appeal.  An example of this style, taken from the enotes link listed below, takes place at the end of the story, where Raju is drowning, his eyes riveted towards the mountains as a brilliant sun rises and villagers look on.  By juxtaposing the simple background of the Indian village at sunrise with the suicide scene, Narayan effectively communicates Raju's death as an incarnation of hope, consistent with the Indian belief in death and rebirth.

How does R. K. Narayan explore societal changes in India in The Guide?

In The Guide, R. K. Narayan explores changes in Indian society by showing that they run up against old ways and traditions, as exemplified by the story's protagonist, the charlatan guru Raju.

Indian society may be changing, albeit slowly, but in Malgudi, much remains the same as it always has. This allows the convicted criminal Raju to reinvent himself as a guru, a well-respected wise man dispensing sage advice to the people of the town.

This part of the world may be growing; it may have a railway station. But in essentials, it is still very much stuck in the past, which gives a charlatan like Raju an opportunity to make money and become famous.

The people of the town have very traditional values; they are incredibly superstitious and instinctively turn to Raju for help when an extended drought hits the region. In a sense, they are enslaved by their superstitions, rendered incapable of doing anything to take control of their lives.

Raju has certainly taken control of his own life; what's more, he's taken control of the lives of those who look up to him as some sort of swami. In that sense, Raju is more modern than the people of Malgudi, more of an individualist in keeping with changes in Indian society.