Illustration of Pip visiting a graveyard

Great Expectations

by Charles Dickens

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Themes: The Possibility of Redemption

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While many characters in Great Expectations behave unethically, illegally, or simply unkindly, Dickens also demonstrates that redemption can be achieved through kindness, generosity, and honest remorse. Just as class does not ascertain the quality of one’s character, no matter how poor a person’s conduct, they can still turn away from their former lives and become better. Magwitch is one example, transforming from a violent, almost animalistic criminal in the first chapter into a man willing to work hard and sacrifice in order to make Pip's life better—all out of a sense of gratitude. Pip himself achieves redemption as he evolves from a snob who forgets his former loved ones—in particular Joe and Biddy—into a mature adult who realizes that a person’s true worth has nothing to do with titles or money. When Magwitch dies in his prison cell, Pip’s remorse is such that his prayer for Magwitch of “O Lord, be merciful to him a sinner!” could as easily apply to himself as to the convict. Pip falls ill after Magwitch’s death, and when Joe visits, Pip finds himself overwhelmed by regret for the way he disdained and abandoned Joe during his brief tenure as a gentleman. Echoing his prayer at Magwitch’s bedside—as well as his outburst of “O God bless you, God forgive you!” when Estella coldly dismisses his feelings for her—he “penitently” begs God to bless Joe.

Even Miss Havisham eventually repents for her sadistic desire to have Estella break Pip’s heart as a way of getting recompense for the way her own heart was broken by her one-time fiancé, Compeyson, decades past. Realizing the pain she has inflicted upon both Pip and Estella, she begs Pip to forgive her, and it is a mark both of Pip’s newfound maturity and of his remorse for his own mistakes that he is able to do so. Estella, too, is afforded a measure of redemption through the suffering she is forced to endure at the hands of her cruel husband, Bentley Drummle. When she unexpectedly meets with Pip in the ruins of Satis house eleven years after Pip’s departure for Cairo, all of Estella’s former pride and aloofness is gone, and her only hope is that Pip will continue to extend her forgiveness. In words befitting the terms of Pip’s own redemption, she tells him, “I have been bent and broken, but—I hope—into a better shape.”

Expert Q&A

Why does the convict admit to stealing the food instead of blaming Pip?

The convict is a thief and he is grateful towards Joe for being kind to him. He does not want to steal food from Joe, who has been kind to him. Although Pip did the stealing, the convict tells Joe that he did it because of his gratitude towards Joe.

Can you find examples of forgiveness in Great Expectations other than Miss Havisham?

In Great Expectations, forgiveness is evident when Pip asks Joe for forgiveness for neglecting him and their friendship. After falling ill, Pip is cared for by Joe, who remains compassionate despite Pip's past ingratitude. When Pip expresses remorse, Joe reassures him that their friendship endures, saying, "you and me was ever friends." This act of forgiveness allows their relationship to be renewed, demonstrating the strength of their bond.

What does the following quote signify in Great Expectations?

"Mother by adoption, I have said that I owe everything to you. All I possess is freely yours. All that you have given me, is at your command to have again. Beyond that I have nothing, and if you ask me to give you what you never gave me, my gratitude and duty cannot do impossibilities."

The quote reveals Estella's acknowledgment of her indebtedness to Miss Havisham while highlighting the irony of Miss Havisham's expectations. Estella cannot return love because she never received it from Miss Havisham, who raised her to be cold and unfeeling. This moment underscores the theme of flawed parental figures, illustrating how Miss Havisham's manipulations have backfired, resulting in Estella's emotional detachment. It emphasizes the idea that one cannot give what they have never received.

What theme of Dickens is emphasized by Pip's return to his youthful countryside?

The theme of identity and the search for self is emphasized by Pip's return to his childhood countryside in Great Expectations. This return highlights Pip's realization that his life in London, once thought grand, is illusory compared to the genuine warmth and love found with Joe and Biddy at the forge. This journey back to his roots underscores the enduring value of true friendship and love, epitomized by Joe Gargery's steadfast support.

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