Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is not only a cornerstone of gothic literature but also an early example of science fiction, weaving complex themes and narrative techniques that continue to captivate readers. The novel’s intricate structure and thematic explorations delve into the duality of man, the ethics of scientific discovery, and the profound social anxieties of its time. By employing an epistolary framework and a series of nested narratives, Shelley crafts a tale that questions the reliability of perception and the nature of monstrosity.

The Epistolary Framework

The narrative of Frankenstein unfolds through a series of letters from Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville. Walton’s Arctic exploration serves as a backdrop for the introduction of Victor Frankenstein, drawing parallels between Walton's ambition and Frankenstein’s tragic quest for knowledge. Initially, Walton’s letters reveal his obsession with discovery, setting the stage for Victor’s own narrative, which Walton documents. This layered storytelling invites readers to question the reliability and motivations of each narrator.

Victor Frankenstein's Journey

Victor’s story begins in Geneva, amid a privileged childhood alongside Elizabeth Lavenza and Henry Clerval. His pursuit of life’s origins at the University of Ingolstadt leads to the creation of a living being, a triumph quickly overshadowed by horror and regret. The creature’s eventual murders, including that of Victor’s brother William, reflect the unintended consequences of Victor’s scientific endeavors. The narrative captures Victor’s growing obsession with destruction, mirroring his initial drive to create.

The Creature's Tale

Within the confines of Victor’s narrative, the creature articulates his own experiences, challenging Victor’s portrayal of him as a mere monster. After finding refuge near the DeLacey family, the creature learns language and empathy, paralleling the human experience. His subsequent rejection by the DeLaceys and confrontation with Victor in Geneva underscore his descent into violence, driven by isolation and a longing for companionship. Through the creature’s voice, Shelley presents a complex figure whose actions are shaped by societal rejection.

Thematic Explorations

Shelley’s novel is imbued with Romantic elements, emphasizing the creature’s appreciation for nature and inherent humanity. The text reflects the influence of Shelley’s parents and her husband, Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, who edited the later editions. This intertwining of personal and literary influences highlights themes of duality, ethical concerns about scientific progress, and the societal roles imposed on individuals. The narrative questions who the real monster is: the creator who abandons his responsibility or the creation who seeks vengeance?

Reflections and Influence

By framing the creature’s narrative within Walton’s, Shelley reinforces the themes of isolation and companionship, drawing parallels between the creature’s experiences and Walton’s own desires for friendship. The novel’s exploration of duality and identity resonates through its characters and narrative structure, influencing later gothic works and raising ethical questions that persist in literature and society. Ultimately, Shelley’s Frankenstein remains a profound exploration of human nature, ambition, and the enduring quest for understanding.