Racism is a central theme in Fences, affecting the characters' lives and dreams. The play portrays the impact of racial discrimination on African Americans in the 1950s, highlighting how it limits opportunities and shapes personal relationships. Through the experiences of Troy Maxson and his family, the play examines the pervasive nature of racism and its influence on aspirations and familial dynamics.

Racism interferes with the characters' dreams, particularly Troy's and his son Cory's. Troy's ambition to become a professional baseball player was thwarted by racial barriers, leaving him bitter and skeptical about Cory's football prospects. Troy tells Cory, "the white man ain't gonna to let him get nowhere with that football," reflecting his belief that racism will prevent Cory from succeeding. This fear leads Troy to push Cory towards a more secure job, illustrating how racial discrimination affects their relationship and Cory's future.

The setting of Pittsburgh, a northern city, underscores the racial challenges faced by African Americans. Despite the North's reputation for being less racially oppressive than the South, opportunities were still limited. Troy's job at the sanitation department represents both a struggle and a triumph, as he becomes the first African American to drive a garbage truck. However, his promotion leaves him isolated, highlighting the personal cost of navigating a racially biased society.

Troy's inability to accept that "times have changed" further complicates his relationships. He struggles to understand that his sons' experiences will differ from his own, leading to tension with Cory and Lyons. This generational conflict reflects the broader theme of racial tension, as Troy's past experiences with racism prevent him from recognizing the evolving opportunities for his children.

The fence Troy builds symbolizes the barriers created by racism. For Troy, the fence is a way to keep threats out, while for Rose, it represents keeping loved ones in. This difference in perspective highlights the emotional and physical barriers that racism erects within families and communities. Through these symbols and conflicts, Fences explores the enduring impact of racism on personal dreams and family dynamics.