Edgar Allan Poe in Hispanic Literature
[In the following essay, Englekirk explains the influence of the works of Edgar Allan Poe on González Martínez.]
Francisco A. de Icaza testifies to the contradictory influences that have shaped the personal art of Enrique González Martínez:
"Con gran agilidad rítmica y mental, pasa del sentimentalismo ordenado y pulcro de Lamartine a las alucinaciones y sacudimientos patológicos de Poe; refleja el 'clair de lune' de Verlaine, la idea hosca, encajada en el pulido verso de Baudelaire; la plasticidad objectiva del alejandrino de Heredia; el encanto primitivo, en forma y en idea, de Francis Jammes; el clasicismo vivido de Samain, y llega así a lograr esa técnica que caracteriza hoy su poesía original del todo, pues dió vida a las extrañas sin reclamar nada de ellas;—"
Goldberg corroborates the above-mentioned sources of the influences that have played upon Mexico's outstanding poet.
In the poems that proclaim González Martínez a spiritual brother of Nervo and a lineal descendant of their common ancestor, Gutiérrez Nájera, one finds the very acme of those characteristics that were emphasized in the studies on his fellow-countrymen as evidence of their spiritual affinity to Poe. The poet's exhortations to whet the senses for the appreciation of the deeper meaning of life, his questioning attitude in the face of the Eternal Query, and his passionate desire to sound the mysteries of that "ultimate dim Thule," are the obvious points of contact between the Mexican poet and Poe.
However, there is a very essential difference in the fundamental attitude of these two poets. Díez-Canedo aptly commented on the poet's lines:
Mas como ya cayeron las sombras del ocaso
como en la torre antigua ya resonó la hora,
a mi redil del alma se vuelven paso a paso
con la esperanza inútil de una imposible aurora.
when he wrote, "Una esperanza inútil, y además una aurora imposible. Mas la desolación de los adjetivos no llega a deshacer el encanto de los nombres: inútil, pero esperanza; imposible pero aurora." González Martínez has never succumbed entirely to the utter despair of Poe. This difference is brought out admirably by comparing "Las tres cosas del romero" of the former with "Eldorado" of the latter. "Esperanza inútil," yes, in this seeking of the "impossible dawn" by "el romero alucinado":
En la noche y en el día,
por el llano y el otero,
aquel caminante no se detenía,
como el primer día …
but hope still in those closing lines,
Porque tres cosas tenía
para su viaje el Romero:
los ojos abiertos a la lejanía,
atento el oído y el paso ligero.
But how despairingly void of all hope is the quest of Poe's knight:
And as his strength
Failed him at length,
He met a pilgrim shadow—
"Shadow," said he,
"Where can it be—
This land of Eldorado?"
"Over the Mountains
Of the Moon
Down the Valley of the Shadow,
Ride boldly ride,"
The shade replied,—
"If you seek for Eldorado!"
Save for this difference in the underlying tones of the poems, the resemblances are suggestive enough to imply that the Mexican bard was inspired by Poe's lines.
Reminiscences of Poe are particularly acute in the volume that stresses the melancholy strain of the Mexican's muse—Parábolas y otros poemas. There is an amazing similarity to one of Poe's favorite themes, the tragic horror of man's fate, in the poem "Parábola de los viajeros." The following stanzas are very suggestive of such works as "The Masque of the Red Death" and "The Conqueror Worm":
Y así fueron cayendo uno tras otro—
El infante, del seno que agotó
el frío de la muerte pende inmóvil
como el fruto marchito de un dolor.
Aquel que alzó los brazos codiciosos
al mágico verdor
de un laurel en la orilla de la ruta,
en las manos guardó la crispatión
de su codicia, y en la abierta boca,
su última imprecación.
Y la serpiente de osamentas blancas
iba creciendo. El grito que movió
aquella multitud, sobre las rocas,
de la montaña enhiesta se prendió;
mas ya nadie escuchaba; ya los últimos
quedaban allá abajo, en la feroz
y cruel ansiedad de la fatiga;
ni un grito, ni un adiós;
y murió el postrer hombre y la postura
ilusión.
Of a similar vein, and equally suggestive, is the poem "Dolor." The reference is very obvious in the stanza that follows:
Mientras vomitan lumbre las forjas de Vulcano,
mientras la Muerte Roja tiende su calosfrío
la tierra delincuente, bajo el pavor humano,
es cual gota de sangre que rueda en el vacío …
Other compositions of the same volume that offer marked resemblances to Poe are "Parábola del sol, del viento y de la luna," "Tardes de aquellos años," and "Parábola del huésped sin nombre." Similarly Poesque are such poems as "Retorno," "Un fantasma," "Alguien se ha ido," "La Pesadilla," and "Las almas muertas." Certain elements in the poems "La ciudad absorta," and "La campana mística" are very suggestive of the respective influences of Poe's "The City in the Sea" and "The Bells."
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Enrique Gonzáles Martínez: Philosopher and Mystic
Personal Impressions of Enrique Gonzáales Martínez