The Enlightenment in America

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Which had more impact on American culture: the Enlightenment or the Great Awakening?

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The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening both significantly impacted American culture, but in different ways. The Great Awakening fostered a unique religious fervor, particularly in the "Bible Belt," influencing American devoutness. It also encouraged questioning authority, a precursor to political challenges. The Enlightenment, however, laid the groundwork for political ideologies that fueled the American Revolution, suggesting it had a more foundational role in shaping political culture. Ultimately, both movements are intertwined in their influence.

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Just for argument's sake, I'm going to say the Great Awakening was more important in our history.  Our religious nature and history as a society, and especially our fundamentalist and Baptist segments of society can trace their lineage and history back to the sentiments of the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 40s.  Fire and brimstone speeches are commonplace now, especially in the "Bible Belt" of the South, but it was this religious revolution of sorts that really set the idea in concrete as an American trait.  It's not that other countries aren't religious, but our nation seems to be more uniquely devout than many other, older societies, and I think it is because, in large part, to the Great Awakening of the 18th century.

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In many respects it's difficult to completely seperate the two.  Although the First Great Awakening was a largely religious movement, begun in...

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England by the Wesleys and George Whitfield, it did help foster a more unified sense of "Americanism" among British colonists in the New World.  In addition, it encouraged people to not be afraid of confrontation with religious authorities, and to actively pursue social discussion of whether a particular religious teaching or tradition was correct or helpful to the aims of religion.  This led to an increased sense that confronting errors in authoritarian structures was acceptable, leading to the same confrontational stance about political themes.  This, of course, increased the acceptance of the idea that political authorities could be challenged if they were "wrong."

On the other hand, would this movement have occured without the ideals of the Enlightenment? Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rosseau  espoused concepts which in many ways led directly to the Great Awakening.  Thomas Hobbes and John Locke expounded the political theories that underlay the American Revolution and all that led to it.  So the question is which is of more weight in the scales of history, one movement or another movement which gave it impetus?  This is a question that probably cannot be answered impartially.  I would say the Enlightenment was more important, because it is the basis of our political culture and it led to the Great Awakening, which is the basis of our spiritual culture.  But someone else might feel differently.

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