Dolores Claiborne

by Stephen King

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Literary Techniques

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The narrative style of Dolores Claiborne is distinctly postmodern. The entire book unfolds as a continuous monologue in Dolores's voice, as if transcribed from an audio recording solely capturing her words. There are no shifts to third person, no chapter breaks, and no direct dialogue from other characters, except through Dolores's recounting. Although the police presumably interject with questions and requests for clarification, readers must piece together their inquiries solely from Dolores's uninterrupted narrative. Unlike a stream-of-consciousness novel or an interior monologue, this is an exterior monologue where the character literally speaks herself into existence, though on the printed page. This extraordinary voice unravels the historical causes and consequences, her struggles, actions, and pain. Through her voice, King indirectly achieves his social critique by staging the presence of others.

The narrative logic of this dual story is that to avoid prosecution for Vera's death, Dolores confesses to her husband's demise. While this initially seems irrational, these intricately connected events form two parts of a single narrative. Dolores summarizes at Vera's death that her tale is about "how sometimes bad men have accidents [both Joe and Michael Donovan] and good women turn into bitches [both Dolores and Vera]." These two stories are parallel and intertwined. By admitting to Joe's murder and highlighting Vera's suffering, Dolores aims to prevent the erosion of her sanity from leading a double life—a duplicity that destroyed Vera.

Dolores structures her narrative by beginning in the middle, reflecting on the past, and reaching a climax with the descriptions of Joe's and then Vera's deaths. While Vera's death is recounted with factual details and her emotional reactions to Vera's final trick, Joe's death is depicted in a dramatic fashion, filled with horrific details and unsettling flashbacks.

This novel is the shortest, least supernatural, and among King's finest works. The story is cleverly and uniquely plotted; the style mirrors a colloquial Maine dialect, with sudden bursts of emotion juxtaposed with understatement and unspoken thoughts, consistent with the nuances of a relatively provincial yet perceptive human voice. Dolores's candid recollection of the past, intertwined with self-discovery, resonates with pain, tranquility, and resolution. The novel suggests that a male writer can indeed portray a female psyche and her authentic voice with compassion.

Social Concerns

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In Dolores Claiborne, King does not engage in overt social critique or broad attacks on male dominance in society. However, he effectively addresses themes of feminism, child and spouse abuse, marital dynamics, and the oppressive social constraints faced by women in the early 20th century. King approaches these issues as a storyteller, subtly weaving his social commentary into the narrative. Although not as overt as in Gerald's Game, the novel's underlying social critique has drawn comparisons to the Bachman books, where the horrors are more psychological and social than supernatural. Dolores's life story unfolds with the gripping intrigue of a neighbor's family drama.

Dolores is portrayed as a resilient woman who has endured an abusive, alcoholic marriage. The postman discovers her at the bottom of the staircase, hovering over Vera Donovan's dying body with a rolling pin in hand. From that moment, the 65-year-old faces accusations of murdering her employer and lifelong friend. Yet, she receives no assistance with her ensuing legal and personal struggles; no romantic savior appears to rescue her. Persistent harassment from anonymous townsfolk eventually drives Dolores to the local police station for intense questioning. While clearing herself regarding Vera's death, she admits to killing her husband, who was thought to have drowned in a drunken accident three decades prior.

King tells the story solely through Dolores's perspective, highlighting issues of child and...

(This entire section contains 702 words.)

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spouse abuse in a distinctly political manner. The narrative spans from the 1930s to the 1990s, showcasing King's sharp historical insight. He does not shy away from depicting Dolores's harrowing experiences with marital rape, physical abuse, and the molestation of her daughter by a manipulative father. There is no attempt to claim that such issues were nonexistent "in those days," nor does King downplay Dolores's fears for her daughter, Selena, her depression, or her ultimate confession about her father's sexual misconduct.

Dolores remains steadfast in questioning Selena about the specifics of her father's abuse. She also recounts Joe's furious reaction when she revealed she had reclaimed the money he had stolen from their children's college funds.

Dolores's story exposes the grim and often violent reality within the marriages of working-class women. As she attempts to recall the reasons she loved and married Joe, all she can remember are her high-school fantasies about his forehead: its smooth whiteness contrasting with his dark hair and its clear skin. She also remembers marrying Joe because she was pregnant. However, any love she had felt vanished long ago. Dolores also remembers that her father enforced "home correction," and she often excuses men's behavior, believing it is their role to control their wives and children. Her upbringing leads her to think that, while there might be minimal justification for a husband to beat his wife, there is absolutely no excuse for a man to sexually exploit his own daughter. To highlight the profound impact of Dolores's lost love, King crafts a unique image—a scornful, staring eye on her forehead—symbolizing her unwavering clarity of vision later in life and the cold rage she feels whenever she looks at Joe. Considering Joe's treatment of both Selena and Dolores, his murder seems to be justifiable homicide or self-defense. The police evidently agree, as they do not pursue charges against Dolores for either death.

King also highlights the severe economic constraints of the era for both working-class and affluent bourgeois women. Dolores describes her grueling, long hours working for low wages under Vera Donovan, along with the constant pain of hanging wet sheets to dry in the freezing winter winds. She fears that Selena's career prospects will be limited to working as a hotel housekeeper. The most bitter part of Dolores's life is that, while Joe contributed little to their children's college funds (questioning why his kids would need college), his revenge against Dolores was to secretly withdraw their savings and, with the help of sexist bank policies in the 1960s, close the children's accounts without the passbook. Dolores notes that if she had attempted the same, the bank would have contacted Joe to confirm the transaction. To make matters worse, the loss of their savings into an inaccessible bank account traps her financially on Little Tall Island, ironically leading to Joe's demise.

Literary Precedents

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The storyline of Dolores Claiborne is fairly conventional; Joe's murder aligns with the typical themes found in mainstream fiction involving marital violence, murder, and justifiable homicide. Vera's death from falling down the stairs is also a familiar trope. However, the plot becomes intriguing with the twist of the maid agreeing to finish her off with a rolling pin, only to be caught before doing so. The combination of domestic violence, an accidental household death, and attempted euthanasia is certainly distinctive.

King's storytelling approach does away with the "Dear Reader" authorial voice or an all-knowing third-person narrator. The storyteller's voice is central—it is the narrative itself. Critic Roland Barthes talks about "speakerly texts" and "writerly texts." Speakerly texts, much like oral narratives, rely heavily on the voice and persona of the narrator. These texts have a unique connection with the audience, as the reader must actively engage by filling in the gaps, effectively becoming a coauthor and shaping the story's meaning. Readers need to construct context from her words, infer the sheriff's questions, visualize other characters through Dolores's descriptions, and piece together the narrative's action suggested in the final newspaper articles.

Oral storytelling is one of the oldest narrative forms. Many modern postmodern works aim to obscure their written nature by creating the impression of a voice emerging from a sparsely lit and minimally furnished stage—where the captivating and realistic sound of a human voice, the origin of all stories, is all that exists. Yet, Dolores Claiborne can also be likened to genres and authors experimenting with alternative narrative forms.

In contrast, numerous novels and short stories incorporate significant monologue sections or feature a series of monologists. This can be seen in the short stories of Grace Paley and Saul Bellow, as well as in the novels of William Faulkner. Whether the monologist is fictional or real doesn't affect the approach to the text. This novel could also be compared to genres characterized by a unique voice and a specific rhetorical purpose, such as personal narratives, confessional literature, autobiographies, slave narratives, Holocaust survivor accounts, or women's diaries and letters. For instance, in Elizabeth Dewberry Vaughn's Many Things Have Happened Since He Died, a woman recounts her life story (similar to Dolores's) into a tape recorder, resembling a confession or legal statement. This literary technique highlights the novel's emphasis on the spoken word.

Adaptations

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In 1995, Taylor Hackford directed the film Dolores Claiborne, adapted for the screen by Tony Gilroy from the novel. The movie has been likened to a 19th-century gaslight melodrama, featuring a sneering police officer portrayed by Christopher Plummer, a villainous husband played by David Strathairn, and a troubled daughter played by Jennifer Jason Leigh. However, Kathy Bates's portrayal of Dolores is far from a helpless victim tied to railroad tracks. Her performance in the film is described as "sweet and fierce, hesitant and determined... brushing aside the calculations of the story with the sheer force of her humanity."

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