Tom Walker
Extended Tom Walker Character Analysis
In Washington Irving's short story "The Devil and Tom Walker," Tom Walker is a meager, hard-minded, and miserly man. He lives with his wife and suffers through daily arguments with her. Tom and his wife are similar in their miserly attitudes. Tom shows an unapologetic and cold outlook on life. He is cynical, due to his dire financial circumstances and his bad relationship with his wife. This cynicism allows him to befriend the devil. He does not show fear when meeting the devil in the swamp, because nothing could be worse than his wife.
The devil makes a deal with Tom, offering him directions to the buried treasure of Kidd the Pirate. The details of the deal are kept secret, but, as proof of the deal, the devil burns a black fingerprint onto Tom’s forehead. Tom refrains from disclosing the deal, but it is implied that Tom sells his soul to the devil in exchange for the treasure. Tom’s unwillingness to share the details suggests that he is aware of the corrupted nature of the deal.
When Tom tells his wife of the treasure, she urges him to comply with the devil’s terms and make them both rich. Tom’s dislike for his wife pushes him to be recalcitrant. He refuses to go through with the deal simply out of the “mere spirit of contradiction.” He avoids pleasing or doing anything for his wife. This difficult attitude causes his wife to go and find the devil herself. However, her efforts to appease and solicit money from the devil lead to her death. Tom is almost glad of his wife’s disappearance and death. At first he is worried, but when he finds her apron hanging in a tree, he is only excited at the prospect of finding the silver she had taken. Instead of the silver, he is disappointed to find her heart and liver, but he does not seemed shocked. He instead shows pity for the devil, believing that his wife had troubled the devil before he killed her.
Tom still desires money and financial security, and he makes another a deal with the devil for monetary gain. At first the devil asks him to become a slave trader to make money, but Tom refuses outright. Tom, although painted as cold and morally corrupt, has some principles.
As a story of the early 19th-century United States, Tom’s decision here provides commentary on the author's attitude towards the slave trade. By having Tom do anything other than trade in slaves, Irving satirically condemns the entire enterprise.
Tom does agree to go into the profession of a usurer—a person who lends money at very high rates of interest. Tom excels and becomes a “rich and mighty man.” However, he is still stingy, and when building a lavish house he can only bother to properly furnish a couple of rooms. This shows Tom’s deeply ingrained sense of parsimony; he cannot stop being miserly and greedy, even when he has large amounts of money. Tom is also successful through duplicity; he becomes rich because he pretends to be a “friend in need” when truly he is taking advantage of his customers’ desperation.
However, the older Tom becomes the more fearful he grows as he considers his sinful actions. He realizes that the devil will come to claim his soul. Tom decides that the only way to combat his pact with the devil is through devotion to God. But his efforts stem from selfish need; he works to gain protection but does not change his ways. Tom is hypocritical and judges the churchgoers around him, pointing out their sins while ignoring his own. Tom’s fear of being taken by the devil, however, is rightly placed. When Tom gets into an argument with a land-speculator over money, Tom exclaims “The devil take me, if I have made a farthing!” After uttering an unwitting invitation, the devil arrives and takes him away.
"The Devil and Tom Walker" serves as a moral story. Tom commits many sins through his lies and work as a usurer, but his final mistake is to continue being a miser. Even when successful and rich, Tom is meager with his home and greedy with his work. In the end, he even claims to have not made any money, which reflects his parsimonious nature. The devil takes him to hell for this, pointing out to all readers—especially “money brokers,”—that a life of greed and duplicity is one that will lead to an unfortunate end.
Expert Q&A
Characterization in "The Devil and Tom Walker"
In Washington Irving's "The Devil and Tom Walker," characterization is achieved through both direct and indirect methods. Direct characterization explicitly describes traits, such as Tom being meager and miserly, while indirect characterization infers traits through actions and dialogue, like Tom's greed when he opts to lend money at a higher interest. The story's antagonist is primarily the devil, known as "Old Scratch," who manipulates Tom's greed for personal gain. The narrator, an unnamed third-person omniscient voice, provides a comprehensive view of characters' thoughts and events, enhancing the tale's folklore quality. Ultimately, Tom Walker himself can be seen as the true villain due to his embodiment of human greed and moral corruption.
Tom's attempts to escape and cheat the devil, and his eventual death in "The Devil and Tom Walker."
In "The Devil and Tom Walker," Tom attempts to escape and cheat the devil by becoming fervently religious and carrying a Bible at all times. Despite these efforts, his greed and hypocrisy ensure his eventual downfall. The devil ultimately claims Tom, illustrating the futility of trying to escape a pact with evil.
Tom's transformation into a "violent churchgoer" in "The Devil and Tom Walker."
In "The Devil and Tom Walker," Tom's transformation into a "violent churchgoer" represents his hypocritical attempt to escape damnation. After making a deal with the Devil, he becomes fervent in his religious practices, outwardly condemning others' sins while ignoring his own, hoping to secure his salvation through superficial piety.
How do the trees, swamp, hewn trees, Tom's new house, and Tom as a churchgoer in "The Devil and Tom Walker" support characterization and mood?
In "The Devil and Tom Walker," we can infer from the scenes in the swamp and of Tom's home and churchgoing that he is a callous, greedy, empty, and hypocritical person who will end up in hell. The mood these scenes establish is grim and repellent.
Tom Walker's Deal with the Devil
In Washington Irving's "The Devil and Tom Walker," Tom initially rejects the devil's offer due to his contentious relationship with his wife, not wanting her to benefit from his potential wealth. He later accepts the deal after her death. Tom's actions following the pact include becoming a usurer, attending church ostentatiously, and carrying a Bible to avoid damnation. He first meets the devil in a swamp near an old Indian fort, a location steeped in superstition. Despite the lucrative offer of Kidd's treasure, Tom hesitates, considering the devil's demanding conditions.
Indicators of Tom's recognition of the Devil in "The Devil and Tom Walker"
In "The Devil and Tom Walker," indicators of Tom's recognition of the Devil include his initial shock and fear upon meeting the dark figure in the swamp, the eerie and foreboding presence that the figure exudes, and Tom's subsequent realization that the stranger's promises and knowledge are otherworldly, leading him to understand the true identity of his encounter.
Tom Walker's Deal with the Devil
In Washington Irving's "The Devil and Tom Walker," Tom Walker makes a pact with the devil, known as Old Scratch, exchanging his soul for Kidd the pirate's buried treasure. Initially, Tom refuses to become a slave trader, a condition proposed by the devil, but agrees to be a usurer, lending money at exorbitant rates. Despite achieving wealth, Tom's life is marked by greed and moral corruption. Ultimately, despite attempts at penance, the devil claims Tom's soul as agreed.
The fate of Tom and his wealth in "The Devil and Tom Walker."
In "The Devil and Tom Walker," Tom's fate is to be taken by the Devil, and his wealth is reduced to ashes and worthless items. Tom's greed and moral corruption lead to his downfall, and ultimately, his wealth, which he accumulated through unscrupulous means, is destroyed, leaving him with nothing in the end.
Conflicts in "The Devil and Tom Walker"
In Washington Irving's "The Devil and Tom Walker," various conflicts drive the narrative. Key conflicts include Tom Walker's tumultuous relationship with his wife, marked by mutual deceit and greed, and each character's separate dealings with the Devil, or "Old Scratch." Tom's refusal to engage in the slave trade highlights an ideological conflict, reflecting societal views of the time. Additionally, Tom's usurious practices create tension with his Boston neighbors, as he feigns religious piety to secure his soul. Old Scratch faces physical conflict with Tom's wife and ideological conflict with Tom over immoral business practices.
In "The Devil And Tom Walker," what bargain does Tom make with the stranger in the forest?
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