Media Adaptations

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  • The initial film adaptation of The Crucible was produced in France in 1957. This version features Simone Signoret, Yves Montand, Mylene Demongeot, and Jean Debucourt. Raymond Rouleau directed the film, and Jean-Paul Sartre wrote the screenplay.
  • No additional film adaptations were made until 1996, when Twentieth Century Fox produced a version based on Arthur Miller's own screenplay. Directed by Nicholas Hytner, this film stars Daniel Day-Lewis as Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, and Joan Allen as Goody Proctor. In the introduction to the Penguin edition of the screenplay, Miller highlighted the benefits of film: "There was the possibility of showing the wild beauty of the newly cultivated land bordered by the wild sea, and the utter disorder and chaos of the town meetings where the people were busy condemning one another to death for loving the Evil One. Now one could show the hysteria as it grew rather than for the most part reporting it only."
  • Several sound recordings of The Crucible performed at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York, by the Repertory Theater, are available and have been published by Caedmon.
  • The Crucible has also been adapted into an opera, with music composed by Robert Ward and a libretto by Bernard Stambler. Recordings of the New York City Opera's performance are available from Composers Recordings and Troy Albany Records.
  • In 1995, Penguin Books released an interactive multimedia CD-ROM that includes a searchable text of the play, hypertext annotations, video interviews, historical data, pictorial material, commentary, and a bibliography.

Bibliography and Further Reading

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Sources
All quotes in this Enotes edition are sourced from the Penguin edition of the play, New York, 1981.

Ansen, David. "One Devil of a Time." In Newsweek, December 2, 1996, p. 80.

Corliss, Richard. "Going All the Way." In Time, Vol. 148, no. 25, December 2, 1996, p. 81.

Douglass, James W. “Miller’s The Crucible: Which Witch Is Which?” In Renascence, vol. XV, no. 3, Spring, 1963, pp. 145–151.

Griffin, John and Griffin, Alice. “Arthur Miller Discusses The Crucible.” In Theatre Arts, vol. XXXCII, no. 10, October, 1953, pp. 33–34.

Hayes, Richard. Review of The Crucible. In Commonweal, Vol. LVII, no. 20, February 20, 1953, p. 498.

Hewes, Henry. “Arthur Miller and How He Went to the Devil.” In The Saturday Review, New York, vol. XXXVI, no. 5, January 31, 1953, pp. 24–26.

Hill, Philip G. “The Crucible: A Structural View.” In Modern Drama, vol. 10, no. 3, December, 1967, pp. 312–317.

Hope-Wallace, Philip. Review of The Crucible. In Time & Tide, vol. 35, no. 47, November 20, 1954, p. 1544.

Huftel, Sheila. Arthur Miller: The Burning Glass. The Citadel Press, 1965.

Introduction to Arthur Miller’s Collected Plays. The Viking Press, 1957, pp. 3–55.

Interview with Arthur Miller. In Detroit News, October 26, 1996, p. 1C.

“Journey to The Crucible.” In The New York Times, February 8, 1953, section 10, p. 3.

Martin, Robert A. "Arthur Miller's The Crucible: Background and Sources." In Modern Drama, September, 1977, pp. 279-92.

Miller, Arthur. An interview with Matthew C. Roudane. In Michigan Quarterly Review, Summer, 1985.

Nathan, George Jean. "Henrik Miller." In Theatre Arts, Vol. XXXVII, no. 4, April, 1953, pp. 24-26.

Popkin, Henry. "Arthur Miller's The Crucible." In College English, Vol. 26, no. 2, November, 1964, pp. 139-46.

Raphael, D. D. The Paradox of Tragedy: The Mahlon Powell Lectures, 1959. Indiana University Press, 1960, pp. 90–111.

Warshow, Robert. The Immediate Experience. Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1962, pp. 189–203.

Welland, Dennis. Arthur Miller. Oliver & Boyd Ltd., 1961.

Further Reading
Budick, E. Miller. "History and Other Specters in The Crucible." In Arthur Miller, edited by Harold Bloom. Chelsea House (New York), 1987. Budick explores the role of John Proctor and delves into questions of personal morality and integrity.

Herron, Ima Honaker. The Small Town in American Drama. Southern Methodist University Press (Dallas), 1969. Herron examines various portrayals of American small-town life, focusing on The Crucible in her chapter on "The Puritan Village and the Common Madness of the Time."

Miller, Arthur. Introduction to his The Crucible: Screenplay. Viking Penguin, 1996. In this introduction, Miller offers insights into the production of the 1996 film adaptation of his iconic play. He also discusses how the text resonates with modern audiences, citing several contemporary issues addressed by the play.

Starkey, Manon L. The Witch Trials in Massachusetts. Knopf (New York), 1949. Published before Miller's play, this book was one of the first to spark interest in the Salem Witch Trials. Starkey uses documents from the trials collected in the 1930s and draws parallels with the 1940s, including the atrocities of Nazi Germany.

Warshow, Robert. "The Liberal Conscience in The Crucible." In Essays in the Modern Drama, edited by Freedman and Morris. Warshow examines the character of Hale and discusses issues of social control and individual freedom.

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