CRITICISM

Birge, Bettine. “Chu Hsi and Women's Education.” Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage, edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary and John W. Chaffee, pp. 325-67. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Examines Chu Hsi's writings about women's education and the role of women in society, contrasting the severe standard of behavior Chu Hsi proscribed with the accounts of the virtuous activity of women in the philosopher's other writings.

Chan, Wing-tsit. “Chu Hsi and Yüan Neo-Confucianism.” Yüan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion under the Mongols, pp. 197-228. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

Traces the development and spread of Chu Hsi's Neo-Confucianism throughout the years of the Yüan period.

———. Chu Hsi: Life and Thought. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1987, 212 p.

Studies Chu Hsi's life, religion, philosophy, and his dominance and influence in China.

Chang, Carsun. “Chu Hsi: The Great Synthesizer.” The Development of Neo-Confucian Thought, pp. 243-83. New York: Bookman Associates, 1957.

Examines the dominance of Chu Hsi's Neo-Confucianism in China and maintains that his works were favored by government officials because his reinterpretation of the sacred texts supported Confucian orthodoxy.

De Bary, William Theodore. “Chu Hsi and Liberal Education.” The Liberal Tradition in China, pp. 21-66. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1983.

Analyzes the way in which Chu Hsi's goal of “learning for the sake of one's self” shaped his views on liberal education.

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Introduction to Chu Hsi's “Family Rituals,” pp. xiii-xxxv. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Offers an overview of the content, reception, and influence of the manual, compiled by Chu Hsi to aid the performance of such standard Chinese family rituals as initiations, weddings, funerals, and sacrifices to ancestral spirits.

Fung, Yu-Lan. “Chu Hsi.” A History of Chinese Philosophy, Vol. II, translated by Derk Bodde, pp. 533-71. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953.

Survey of Chu Hsi's philosophical views.

Tong, Lik Kuen. “Nature and Feeling: The Meaning of Mentality in the Philosophy of Chu Hsi.” Journal of Chinese Philosophy 9 (1982): 1-10.

Investigates Chu Hsi's doctrine of the mind, including the role of li, ch’i and jen in Chu Hsi's theories. Tong concludes that according to Chu Hsi, the limits of the human mind and knowledge are related to ch’i rather than li.