Introduction

Caesar and Cleopatra is a historical romance play by George Bernard Shaw, first published in 1901. This witty retelling of the legendary relationship between Julius Caesar, the Roman general, and Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, blends history, humor, and social commentary. Set in first-century BCE Alexandria during the Roman Civil Wars, Shaw's comedic approach to these iconic figures has made the play a timeless piece, frequently adapted for stage and screen.

Plot Summary

In Act I, Egypt is in turmoil as news spreads of Caesar's victory over Pompey. Cleopatra, missing from her palace, is found by Caesar hiding at the Sphinx. Their first conversation is playful and flirtatious, with Cleopatra unaware of Caesar's identity. Caesar encourages her to embrace her role as queen, though she remains insecure. When Roman soldiers salute him as their leader, Cleopatra realizes his true identity and embraces him in relief.

Act II opens with young King Ptolemy attempting to reclaim the throne from his sister Cleopatra. Caesar intervenes, demanding Egypt repay its debts to Rome. Though the Egyptians resist, Cleopatra cunningly maneuvers herself into Caesar's favor, solidifying her position as co-ruler with Ptolemy. Caesar offers forgiveness to Egypt's leaders with his usual generosity, though Cleopatra is enraged by his refusal to seek revenge.

In Act III, Cleopatra's boldness grows. She sneaks into Caesar's camp hidden in a carpet, delighting him with her audacity. As battle looms, Cleopatra expresses fear for Caesar's safety, and while he reassures her, he remains committed to his duties. The act ends with Caesar and his men escaping a siege by swimming to safety, Cleopatra in tow, showcasing Caesar's tactical prowess.

In Act IV, six months later, Cleopatra's maturity and authority have grown. She confronts Pothinus, who accuses her of plotting against Caesar. Though she denies the accusation, Caesar's clemency frustrates her, and she orders Pothinus' murder. His death triggers riots, forcing Caesar to return to battle. Cleopatra's manipulation begins to backfire as Caesar admonishes her for her cruelty. After his departure, Rufio kills Cleopatra's nurse, Ftatateeta, as punishment for her role in Pothinus' death.

Act V sees Caesar victorious over the Egyptians but preparing to return to Rome. Cleopatra demands justice for Ftatateeta's murder and accuses Caesar of corruption. Amused by her childish outburst, Caesar promises to send Mark Antony, hinting that Cleopatra will prefer Antony's youth and charm. Though angry, Cleopatra is left in tears as Caesar departs, foreshadowing the new chapter of her life.