illustration of a man on his knees staring at his upraised arms

The Black Heralds

by Cesar Vallejo

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Topics for Further Study

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• Research two other existential poets and examine how their works compare to Vallejo's. What themes do these poets share? List these themes, describe them, and highlight the various ways each poet conveys the same theme.

• What modernist elements are present in “The Black Heralds”? Identify modernism's features and discuss whether it is feasible to evaluate meter and rhythm when dealing with a translation.

• Analyze Vallejo's reasons for leaving Peru in a biographical context. Did he achieve his goals in Paris? How did his time in Paris influence his life and literary creations? Support your answers with detailed examples.

• What aspects of communism appealed to Vallejo? Consider his background, education, or lifestyle in shaping his attraction to communism. Why did he travel to Russia and participate in the Spanish Civil War? Write an essay exploring Vallejo's connection to communism.

• In addition to poetry, Vallejo authored journalistic articles, short stories, essays, and novels. Compile a list of his other works and discuss their significance and contribution to his overall body of work.

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