Ben Jonson, a prominent figure of the Elizabethan era, was a multifaceted artist known for his poetry, plays, and distinctive court masques. Born in the late 16th century, Jonson's life was marked by a series of dramatic events, from his early days in education to his turbulent career in the theater. Despite facing controversies, including brushes with the law and shifting religious affiliations, Jonson's contributions to English literature have left an indelible mark.

Early Life and Education

Born around 1572, Jonson's early life unfolded in the vicinity of London. The precise date of his birth remains unclear due to the Elizabethan era's informal approach to record-keeping. His father passed away shortly before his birth, leaving Jonson to be raised by his mother and stepfather. He received a robust education at Westminster School, an institution known for nurturing scholarly talent. However, life took a practical turn when he briefly found work as a bricklayer under his stepfather's guidance. Jonson's thirst for adventure led him to join the military, where he distinguished himself by killing an enemy combatant.

Dramatic Ventures and Legal Troubles

Jonson's foray into the world of theater saw him as both actor and playwright, crafting additional dialogues for several productions in which he appeared. However, his acting career was marred by a notorious incident—a duel with a fellow actor that ended in death. This altercation led to Jonson's arrest, but he skillfully invoked "benefit of clergy," a legal privilege afforded to educated men, to secure his release. During this tumultuous period, Jonson converted to Roman Catholicism, adding another layer of complexity to his life. Despite avoiding execution, he carried the label of a felon thereafter.

Literary Achievements

Jonson's debut play, Every Man in His Humour, premiered in 1598 and featured none other than William Shakespeare in its cast. This success spurred a prolific period of creativity, with Jonson producing a new play annually: Every Man out of His Humour in 1599, Cynthia's Revels in 1600, and Poetaster in 1601. His talents extended beyond plays to the creation of court masques, with The Masque of Blackness in 1605 as his inaugural foray into this theatrical genre.

Poet and Playwright

Jonson solidified his reputation as a leading playwright with masterpieces such as Volpone (1606), Epicene, or the Silent Woman (1610), The Alchemist (1610), Bartholomew Fair (1614), and The Devil was an Ass (1616). Although not officially named England's poet laureate, King James I awarded him a pension in 1616, effectively recognizing his contributions to the arts. Jonson's literary prowess also shone through his poetry.

The Significance of Jonson's Folio

In 1616, Jonson became a trailblazer by publishing a folio edition of his Works, a bold move since even Shakespeare had not compiled his plays in such a manner. This action drew mixed reactions, with some critics questioning his audacity. However, his peers recognized his talents, leading to an honorary degree from Cambridge University that same year. Among Jonson's most celebrated patrons was the Sidney family. Jonson's poem "To Penshurst" stands out as a tribute to the family's estate, capturing its beauty with masterful language and imagery. The poem's elegance is appreciated by those who venture off the beaten path to approach Penshurst from its secluded rear.

Reception and Rivalry

While Jonson achieved significant acclaim, he often faced opposition from audiences who were vocal in their criticisms during his plays. At the height of his career, Jonson enjoyed popularity comparable to his contemporary and friend, Shakespeare. Despite his initial renown, Jonson experienced a decline in favor as time progressed, whereas Shakespeare's legacy only grew stronger. Ironically, Jonson played a key...