a divorce were actually higher than they had been before the divorce.

Warren Farrell
As a young academic, Warren Farrell supported the women’s movement, writing the ‘‘celebrated male feminist tome’’ The Liberated Man, and founding some sixty men’s chapters of the National Organization for Women. But by the mid- 1980s, Farrell decided that men were more oppressed than women and wrote Why Men Are the Way They Are, in which he argued that women had been venting too much anger at men and had exerted too much power over them. He taught classes on men’s issues at the University of California School of Medicine at San Diego.

Geraldine Ferraro
Geraldine Ferraro was a member of Congress when Democrat Walter Mondale selected her to be his vice presidential running mate in 1984. Faludi notes that Ferraro’s nomination provoked attacks from many conservative politicians and notions that the Democrats had ‘‘surrendered’’ to feminists by choosing her.

Betty Freidan
Betty Freidan was once one of America’s most famous feminists, a founder of the National Organization for Women and author of the groundbreaking 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique. Faludi writes about Freidan’s 1981 book, The Next Stage, which argues that the leaders of the women’s movement in the 1960s and 1970s had ignored the issues of motherhood and family and had been too confrontational.

George Gilder
George Gilder initially supported feminism and women’s rights, according to Faludi, but ultimately made a name for himself as a conservative media commentator and writer. In his words, he decided to become ‘‘America’s number-one antifeminist’’ by writing such books as Wealth and Poverty, Sexual Suicide, Men and Marriage, and Naked Nomads.

Carol Gilligan
Many books were published in the 1980s on how women are different from men and about ‘‘women’s inordinate capacity for kindness, service to others, and cooperation,’’ according to Faludi. During this period, Carol Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, a book Faludi refers to as ‘‘one of the most influential feminist works of the ‘80s.’’ While Gilligan wrote the book to illustrate how men diminished women’s moral development, the book was misinterpreted by anti-feminist groups to support discriminatory practices against women.

Sylvia Ann Hewlett
Sylvia Ann Hewlett, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and other think-tanks, indicted the women’s movement in her book A Lesser Life: Myths of Women’s Liberation in America. The book argued that, while feminism may be helpful to upper-class career women, it is actually harmful to what she calls ‘‘ordinary women.’’

Saul Hoffman
Saul Hoffman was a University of Delaware economist who specialized in divorce statistics and worked with Greg Duncan. They challenged Marlene Weitzman’s argument that divorce was impoverishing women, using their own research and Weitzman’s numbers. They discovered that, while women did suffer a drop in their standard of living after divorce, that drop was temporary. Accord- ing to Hoffman and Duncan, women’s living standards five years after a divorce were actually higher than they had been before the divorce.

Christian Lacroix
Christian Lacroix was a fashion designer. Faludi writes that Lacroix launched a look called ‘‘High Femininity,’’ in which women’s bodies were cinched into waist-pinching corsets and reshaped by pushup bras. In his own words, Lacroix created these clothes for women who like to ‘‘dress up like little girls.’’ Lacroix and other designers participated in the backlash against feminism by promoting ‘‘punitively restrictive clothing,’’ according to Faludi.

Beverly LaHaye
Beverly LaHaye was an example of a paradox for Faludi: a high-powered career woman with a family and yet a supporter of the New Right’s conviction that such a life is neither possible nor appropriate. LaHaye founded the anti-feminist organization Concerned Women for America in 1978. In Faludi’s book, LaHaye claims that her power and authority did not contradict the concept that men should be the heads of households, as women like her were only seeking ‘‘spiritual power’’ and not earthly power. LaHaye wrote a book outlining this philosophy, The Spirit-Controlled Woman and also wrote The Act of Marriage: The Beauty of Sexual Love, a book Faludi calls ‘‘the evangelical equivalent of The Joy of Sex.’’

Sherry Lansing
Sherry Lansing was a movie executive responsible for releasing films such as Fatal Attraction and The Accused in the 1980s. Faludi points to Fatal Attraction, the story of a single career woman whose affair with a married man sparks her obsession with him, as part of the evidence of a societal and cultural backlash against women’s rights in the 1980s. According to Faludi, Lansing’s release of The Accused, a film about a woman who is gangraped while a group of men stand by but don’t interfere was a feeble attempt to ‘‘polish up her feminist credentials.’’ Faludi questions whether audiences needed to be ‘‘reminded that rape victims deserve sympathy.’’

Margarita Levin
Margarita Levin was a philosophy professor at Yeshiva University, with a specialty in the philosophy of mathematics. She was also, according to Faludi, ‘‘an intellectual partner’’ in her husband, Michael Levin’s, ‘‘antifeminist writings.’’ Faludi reports that, ironically, many of the typically female jobs in the Levin household, such as child care, were done by Michael Levin as well as by his wife.

Michael Levin
Michael Levin was a philosophy professor who wrote Feminism and Freedom, a book arguing that sex roles are innate and that women who attempt to have both family and career are denying these sex roles. He was married to Margarita Levin, also a philosophy professor. Faludi reports that many of the typically female jobs in the Levin household, such as child care, were done by Michael Levin as well as by his wife.

Adrian Lyne
Adrian Lyne directed the 1987 blockbuster movie Fatal Attraction, in which a single career woman has an affair with a married man and stalks him after he tries to break off the relationship. Faludi points to this movie as part of the evidence of a societal and cultural backlash against women’s rights in the 1980s. She highlights Lyne’s role in turning the character of the single woman into ‘‘the Dark Woman.’’ According to Faludi, Lyne once commented that unmarried women are ‘‘sort of overcompensating for not being men.’’

John T. Malloy
John Malloy, a former English teacher, wrote the 1977 bestselling book The Woman’s Dress for Success Book. The book encouraged women to dress for the jobs they wanted. Faludi notes that Malloy was ‘‘an advocate for women’s rising expectations— and urged them to rely on their brains rather than their bodies to improve their station.’’ She argues that much of the ‘‘High Femininity’’ fashion look of the 1980s was a backlash against what Malloy stood for.

Paul Marciano
Paul Marciano, along with his brothers, created the Guess line of jeans and clothing in the early 1980s. Faludi asserts that Guess found a way to ‘‘use the backlash to sell clothes’’ by developing an ad campaign featuring passive-looking women with strong-looking men. Marciano claimed that the deB sign of the ads reflected his love of the American West and the 1950s, places and periods in which women, he said, ‘‘know their place, which is supportive, and their function, which is decorative.’’

Connie Marshner
Connie Marshner was an executive with the conservative organizations Free Congress Research and Education Foundation and the Heritage Foundation. She was the child of liberal parents who encouraged her to go to school and have a career. Faludi draws a profile of her as a woman who has been helped by feminism—she has had a thriving and powerful career as well as a family—and yet still supports the New Right thinking that a woman cannot have a career and be a mother.

Jeanne Moorman
Jeanne Moorman, a demographer in the marriage and family statistics branch of the U. S. Census Bureau, heard about the Harvard-Yale marriage study from the numerous reporters who called her looking for a comment on it. Moorman attempted to reproduce the survey’s results. According to her calculations, the likelihood that collegeeducated, never-wed women past the age of thirty would marry was considerably greater than the Harvard-Yale study had concluded. Her findings showed that these women were simply getting married later in life, not failing to marry. Moorman’s attempts to contact the researchers at Yale and Harvard were ignored at first. When they finally did respond, the researchers were uncooperative and difficult, according to Faludi.

Faith Popcorn
Faith Popcorn was an advertising executive and ‘‘leading consumer authority’’ who became well known in the 1980s for predicting social trends. She admitted that her predictions often came from popular magazines, television shows, and bestselling books, rather than from consumer research. Popcorn predicted that ‘‘cocooning’’ was the major national trend for the 1980s, meaning that people were becoming more interested in staying home and eating ‘‘Mom foods’’ such as meatloaf and chicken potpie. Faludi argues that, while Popcorn may have intended for cocooning to be a ‘‘gender neutral concept, the press made it a female trend, defining cocooning not as people coming home but as women abandoning the office.’’

Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan was elected United States president in 1980 on a conservative social and economic platform. Faludi notes that in a 1982 speech he blamed working women for the tight job market. Reagan said in the speech that high unemployment figures were related to ‘‘the increase in women who are working today.’’

Charles Revson
Charles Revson was the head of Revlon, a cosmetics company. In the early 1970s, he came up with the idea of creating a perfume for women that would celebrate women’s liberation and independence. The perfume, Charlie, was a huge success. By the late 1980s, however, the marketing campaign for Charlie was modified, according to a Revson spokesperson, to reflect that ‘‘we had gone a little too far with the whole women’s liberation thing.’’

Phyllis Schlafly
Phyllis Schlafly was a part of the conservative New Right political movement in the 1980s. She campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U. S. Constitution. Schlafly was a Harvard-educated lawyer, author of numerous books, and two-time congressional candidate who fought against the ERA because, in Schlafly’s words, ‘‘it would take away the marvelous legal rights of a woman to be a fulltime wife and mother in the house supported by her husband.’’

Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling was the producer behind the late 1980s television series Angels ‘88, a reprise of his earlier series Charlie’s Angels, in which, according to Faludi, ‘‘three jiggle-prone private eyes took orders from invisible boss Charlie and bounced around in bikinis.’’ Spelling assured the press that his new show was much more advanced than Charlie’s Angels because the women’s boss was a female nurse.

Ben Wattenberg
Ben Wattenberg was a syndicated columnist, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and author of the 1987 book The Birth Dearth. In the book, Wattenberg introduced the concept that American women’s decisions to have fewer children would hurt the nation’s economy and culture. According to Faludi, Wattenberg and others were urging women to have children based on ‘‘society’s baser instincts— xenophobia, militarism, and bigotry’’ by arguing that if white, educated, middle-class women didn’t have babies, ‘‘paupers, fools and foreigners would.’’ Wattenberg blamed the women’s movement and feminism for discouraging women from their more traditional societal roles.

Lenore Weitzman
Lenore Weitzman wrote the 1985 book The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America. According to Faludi, Weitzman’s thesis, that the recent no-fault divorce laws in America were systematically impoverishing divorced women and their children, increased the ‘‘attack on divorcelaw reform’’ in the 1980s. While Weitzman herself never blamed feminists for no-fault divorce legislation, Faludi notes that those who were promoting and supporting her book did so.

Paul Weyrich
Paul Weyrich, head of the Free Congress Research and Education Foundation, is considered by many to be the ‘‘Father of the New Right.’’ The New Right was the conservative political movement that supported Ronald Reagan in the early 1980s and put many conservative Republicans in Congress. In Faludi’s book, Weyrich called the late 1980s a period when ‘‘women are discovering they can’t have it all’’ and that having a career will destroy their family life. He also said that the New Right movement was different from other conservative movements in that it did not want simply to ‘‘preserve the status quo’’ but to ‘‘overturn the present power structure of the country.’’ One of the major pieces of legislation he supported at the beginning of the 1980s was the Family Protection Act, which, according to Faludi, was intended to eliminate federal laws supporting equal education.