In The Awakening, gender roles are a central theme, highlighting the restrictive societal norms of the late 19th century. The novel follows Edna Pontellier as she struggles with the expectations placed upon women, particularly in her roles as wife and mother. Through Edna's journey, the novel critiques these gender norms and explores the limited options available to women of that era.

Edna Pontellier's character is contrasted with two other women, Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz, who represent the societal extremes of femininity. Adele embodies the "mother woman," fully devoted to her husband and children, while Mademoiselle Reisz is an independent artist, unmarried and childless. Edna finds herself unable to conform to either role, highlighting her internal conflict and dissatisfaction with societal expectations. Her husband, Leonce, expects her to be like Adele, prioritizing family over personal pursuits, but Edna's desires lead her away from these traditional roles.

Edna's journey of self-discovery involves rejecting the norms of her time. She distances herself from her family duties, pursues artistic expression, and engages in romantic relationships outside her marriage. These actions defy the expectations of women in her society, challenging the legitimacy of these gender roles. Chopin's portrayal of Edna is sympathetic, presenting her struggles objectively without condemnation, suggesting an admiration for Edna's quest for independence.

The novel raises the question of whether true happiness and freedom can be achieved within prescribed societal roles. Edna's ultimate decision to end her life underscores the oppressive nature of these constraints. Her tragic end serves as a powerful statement on the limited choices available to women, questioning whether they can truly pursue their desires within the confines of societal expectations.