Aristotle’s life and work can be divided into three major phases, each marked by important developments and achievements. The initial stage began during his formative years at Plato’s Academy, followed by a period of extensive travel and research, and culminating with his return to Athens, where he established the influential Lyceum. Throughout these phases, Aristotle's intellectual journey was characterized by both adherence to and divergence from his mentor, Plato, leading to significant contributions in philosophy and science.

The Early Years at Plato’s Academy

Aristotle’s introduction to the world of philosophy began at the Academy, where he spent nearly two decades under the tutelage of Plato. Although Plato was not present at Aristotle's arrival, the impact of his teachings was profound upon his return. Aristotle quickly became a distinguished student, deeply influenced by Plato’s method of dialogue, a format he initially adopted in his own writings. As Plato evolved his dialogical style to include characters beyond Socratic questioning, Aristotle too expanded his narrative style, often placing himself as the central figure in his philosophical dialogues.

Among the works from this period, De anima (translated as On the Soul) stands out, exploring themes of the soul and immortality. It reflects the influence of Plato’s Phaedn, yet demonstrates Aristotle's budding independence in logic and methodology. Another significant work, Protrepticus, showcases a blend of Platonic dialogues and the rhetorical style of Isocrates, indicating Aristotle’s exploration of philosophical discourse. The death of Plato in 348 BCE, coupled with political shifts such as Philip II’s destruction of Stagirus, prompted Aristotle to leave Athens, thus ending this initial phase of his career.

Years of Exploration and Influence

Following his departure from Athens, Aristotle embarked on a new chapter of intellectual pursuit, traveling with fellow philosopher Xenocrates to Mysia. Here, under the patronage of Hermeias, a former peer who had become a ruler, Aristotle established a school mirroring the Academy. His marriage to Pythias, Hermeias' adopted daughter, and his continued research in marine biology during this period marked significant personal and professional developments.

This phase also saw the creation of several foundational works, including De philosophia (On Philosophy), Ethica Eudemia (Eudemian Ethics), and preliminary versions of Physica (Physics), Metaphysica (Metaphysics), and Politica (Politics). In 343 BCE, Aristotle was summoned to Pella by Philip II to tutor the young Alexander the Great. For three years, Aristotle imparted knowledge and wisdom to Alexander, forming a lifelong bond, though his political philosophies failed to substantially influence his famous pupil.

The Establishment of the Lyceum

Upon returning to Athens in 335 BCE, Aristotle founded the Lyceum, a rival institution to the Academy. Situated on rented land, the Lyceum became a hub of intellectual activity, enriched by Aristotle’s extensive collection of manuscripts, biological specimens, and maps. It is believed that Alexander, as a benefactor, supported the Lyceum significantly, facilitating the accumulation of rare specimens from across his empire.

Aristotle’s teaching methods at the Lyceum included peripatetic instruction, where he engaged in philosophical discussions while walking with his advanced students. He offered lectures to larger audiences on more accessible topics, covering subjects ranging from logic and physics to rhetoric and politics. The written works from this period, consisting of polished treatises, marked a transition from dialogue to a more systematic exploration of ideas, many of which have endured as core philosophical documents.

Final Years and Legacy

During his later years in Athens, Aristotle was known for his distinctive appearance and lifestyle, characterized by a fondness for luxury and a sharp wit. Following the death of his wife Pythias, he lived with Herpyllis, with whom he had a son, Nicomachus. The political climate in Athens grew increasingly hostile towards Macedonians after Alexander's death, prompting Aristotle to relocate to Chalcis, where he passed away a year later.

Aristotle’s legacy is marked by his advancement of scientific methods and logical inquiry, influencing countless generations through his teachings and writings. His work synthesized and extended the ideas of earlier Greek philosophers, notably developing Socratic methods into a more conclusive form of philosophical inquiry. The impact of Aristotle and his mentor, Plato, remains unparalleled in the history of Western philosophy, elevating Greek thought to its zenith.

Discussion Topics

Aristotle was a student of Plato, yet his philosophical journey led him to diverge from his teacher in many aspects. Does this surprising shift indicate a natural progression in intellectual exploration? Consider how Aristotle’s belief in teleological explanations might be interpreted in today’s context. Additionally, the dual significance of the terms "gymnasium" and "lyceum" offers insight into the educational institutions they represent today.

Why do scholars continue to engage with Aristotle’s ideas despite criticisms of his theories? Reflect on Aristotle’s concept of happiness and his discussion of catharsis in Poetics; what makes "catharsis" such a potent metaphor for emotional release?