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Comparison of King Saul in 1 Samuel and Creon in Antigone

Summary:

Both King Saul in 1 Samuel and Creon in Antigone demonstrate the tragic flaws of pride and stubbornness. Saul's disobedience and jealousy lead to his downfall, whereas Creon's inflexibility and hubris cause personal and communal tragedy. Both characters' inability to heed wise counsel and their eventual realization of their mistakes highlight the destructive power of unchecked pride.

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What is the difference between King Saul in 1 Samuel 14:24-15:35 and Creon in Antigone regarding character?

One major difference between King Saul in 1 Samuel and Creon in Antigone is that Saul is evidently far more easy to convince of holding a poor opinion than Creon. When Saul decrees that his son Jonathan will die for breaking Saul's foolish command not to eat anything until Saul...

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has had his revenge on the Philistines, the Israelites speak up in Jonathan's defense, calling him a hero of Israel. The people argue that since Jonathan has delivered the people from the Philistines on that day, Jonathan was surely working alongside God that day, regardless of breaking his father's command, as we see in the lines:

Must Jonathan die, who has brought about this great deliverance in Israel? Far from it! As the Lord lives, not one hair of his head shall fall to the ground, for he has worked with God this day. (14:45, NASB)

The Israelite's protest against killing Jonathan apparently worked on Saul very quickly for the next line says, "So the people rescued Jonathan and he did not die" (14:45).

In contrast, Creon was not as easily convinced by his people. After Creon proclaims Antigone's death sentence, Creon's son Haemon comes to him telling him to reconsider because the whole city is mourning for Antigone and saying that she does not deserve to die, as we see in the lines:

... for the common men out of fear of your face won't say such words as you would not rejoice to hear; but I can hear these things in darkness, how the city weeps for this girl, says she's the least worthy of all women to die so badly for such noble deeds. (701-707)

Haemon further tries to reason with his father and get his father to accept another's opinion other than his own. However, unlike Saul, Creon will not be moved by the people. Creon even reveals his tyrannical nature by going so far as to say that he will not be ruled by his own city. Creon only eventually decides to listen to others' advice after Tiresias prophesies doom for the city from the gods for Creon having dishonored them, but by then it is too late.
Another difference in character between Saul and Creon is that Saul makes many efforts to always please God, while Creon neverthinks about his own decree as breaking the gods' laws and dishonoring them. We see Saul try to honor God when, after seeing the Israelites break a commandment, he has them offer up a sacrifice to appease God. In contrast, when Creon is reminded by both Antigone and Tiresias that he has dishonored the gods, Creon's response is to say that he refuses to be ruled by either Antigone, Tiresias or even by fear of the gods.

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What are the similarities between King Saul in 1 Samuel and Creon in Antigone?

The character Creon from Antigone has some definite parallels with historic King Saul from the biblical account recorded in 1 Samuel. Both make rash pronouncements, show extreme pride, and rule unjustly. 

After his two nephews died in battle, Creon decreed that one should receive an honorable burial but that the other would be left unburied. Anyone who buried the corpse of Polyneices would be put to death. Even when the person who violates this decree turns out to be Antigone, Creon's niece and soon-to-be daughter-in-law, Creon refuses to repeal his decree. Likewise, Saul decreed than any soldier who ate until all the Philistines were routed would die. Later he found that God's judgment was upon Israel and inquired who had sinned. He said that even if it was his own son Jonathan, he would be put to death. In the case of Antigone, the prophet and the Chorus eventually persuade Creon to reverse his order, but it comes too late to save Antigone. In the biblical account, Jonathan's fellow soldiers plead for his life, and Saul lets his son live.

Creon's major character flaw is hubris, or great pride, which leads to his eventual downfall. Expecting to be honored above all others, he refuses to back down and listen to the advice of his son. In the same way, God withdrew his blessing from Saul and selected a king to replace him because of Saul's pride. God blessed him when he was "small in [his] own eyes," but rejected him when he rejected God and chose his own way.

Finally, both men ended up ruling unjustly in that they equated the king's will with acceptable law. Creon tells Haemon that the king's decisions and opinions must take precedence over what the people want. Toward the end of Saul's reign, he became so convinced that he could create his own laws that he ordered the execution of scores of God's priests and a whole town based on his own whim. Both men had a faulty view of justice, believing that whatever the king decreed was just and ignoring the higher laws of God or the gods. 

With their rash pronouncements, pride, and faulty view of justice, King Creon and King Saul had a lot in common.

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What are the similarities between King Saul in 1 Samuel 14:24-15:35 and King Creon in Antigone?

One similarity between King Saul in 1 Samuel and Creon in Antigone is that both make foolish proclamations based on their desires for revenge.
Creon decrees that no person shall be permitted to bury his nephew Polynices because he views him as a traitor to the state. After Oedipus's fall, the two brothers Eteocles and Polynices were left to rule Athens jointly. However, neither brother could rule peacefully and battled each other. The two brothers' civil war led to both of their deaths. Creon views Polynices as the perpetrator and Eteocles as the hero, therefore, he gives Eteocles a proper burial, but treats Polynices as an enemy of the state, making it unlawful to bury him, even though he is part of Creon's own family. As Creon sees it, it is wrong to give as much honor to those who are corrupt as to those who are noble, as we see in his lines:

This is my judgement, and never from
me will the base take equal honor to the good;
but whoever is friend to this city will
in life and death be equally honored by me. (210-213)

However, he has passed this decree in defiance of the gods' laws. The gods command that all should be given equal and honorable burial. Therefore, Creon is making this decree out of anger towards Polynices and even using it as a means to avenge himself of the destruction that Polynices caused.
King Saul acts for similar motives. He orders that no Israelite should eat anything the whole day until he has "avenged myself on [his] enemies" (I Sam. 14:25-26, NASB). Jonathan points out that this is a foolish decree because it left the Israelites without strength to conquer the Philistines. However, King Saul made this decree out of anger towards the Philistines and with the motive of seeking revenge, just like Creon.

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