Bibliography
Kitto, H. D. F. Greek Tragedy: A Literary Study. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1954. Addresses types and elements of Greek tragedies, and compares Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Discusses problems with the early exit of Antigone and argues that she is more than “mere antithesis to Creon” who is “more than the stubborn fool who kills her.”
Melchinger, Siegfried. Sophocles. Translated by David A. Scrase. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1974. Provides a biography of Sophocles and explains Greek theater, chorus, staff, and actors, as well as each scene of Antigone.
Oudemans, Th. C. W., and A. P. M. H. Lardinois. Tragic Ambiguity: Anthropology, Philosophy, and Sophocles’ “Antigone.” New York: E. J. Brill, 1987. Applies Greek theology to Antigone and explains separative and harmonizing interpretations. One chapter explicates each episode of the play, another, the Greek tragic elements. A thorough study.
Segal, Charles Paul. “Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.” In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodward. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966. Focuses on the individuality of Creon and Antigone instead of, as many other studies do, on their contrasts and conflicts. Identifies aspects of Athenian democracy in the play.
Winnington-Ingram, R. P. Sophocles: An Interpretation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Compares the common religious and political themes and plots of Sophocles’ extant plays. Compares Antigone and Creon, assuming that all of Sophocles’ plays focus on a hero who “suffers a wrong.” Sees Antigone as “no reasoner.”
Media Adaptations
Last Updated August 2, 2024.
Antigone was adapted into a film directed by Dinos Katsourides. Featuring Irene Papas and Manos Katrakis, this Greek-language production includes English subtitles. It was released by Ivy Film in 1962 and is available through Ingram International Films.
Antigone was re-adapted for the stage in 1987 and can be accessed through Films for the Humanities & Sciences.
Antigone: Rites for the Dead is a dance interpretation of Sophocles's tragedy. The filmed version, directed by Amy Greenfield, includes music by Glen Branca, Paul Lemos, Eliot Sharp, Diamanda Galas, and David Van Tiegham. It was released in 1991.
Bibliography and Further Reading
Last Updated August 2, 2024.
Sources
Beacham, Richard C. "Antigone by Sophocles." The International Dictionary of Theatre, Vol. 1: Plays. Edited by Mark Hawkins-Dady. St. James Press, 1992, pp. 21-3.
Braun, Richard Emil, translator. Introduction. Antigone. By Sophocles. Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 5, 12.
de Romilly, Jacqueline. "Drama in the Second Half of the Fifth Century: Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes." A Short History of Greek Literature. Translated by Lillian Doherty. University of Chicago Press, 1985, pp. 66-89.
Radford, Colin. "Antigone by Jean Anouilh." The International Dictionary of Theatre, Vol. 1: Plays. Edited by Mark Hawkins-Dady. St. James Press, 1992, pp. 23-4.
Saxonhouse, Arlene W. Fear of Diversity: The Birth of Political Science in Ancient Greek Thought. University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Steiner, George. Antigones. Oxford University Press, 1984.
Further Reading
Des Pres, Terence. "Creon's Decree." Praises and Dispraises. New York: Viking, 1988, pp. 3-16. Des Pres explores Antigone's isolation in the play through a political lens. He references modern retellings of the story by Jean Anouilh and Bertolt Brecht.
Fox, Robin. "The Virgin and the Godfather: Kinship versus the State in Greek Tragedy and After." Anthropology and Literature. Edited by Paul Benson. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993, pp. 107-50. Fox argues from an anthropological perspective that Antigone's conflict revolves around kinship ties rather than contemporary ideas of individuality.
Grey, Wallace. "Antigone." Homer to Joyce. New York: Macmillan, 1985, pp. 59-67. In this concise article, Grey critiques traditional interpretations of Antigone, particularly those emphasizing conflicts between the individual and the state, religion and the state, natural law and the state, and gender dynamics.
Murnaghan, Sheila. "Sophocles, Antigone 904-920 and the Institution of Marriage." American Journal of Philology, Vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 192-207. Murnaghan examines the contentious passage where Antigone declares she would not do for a husband what she does for her father's house. She suggests this statement is rooted in her familial bonds rather than self-sacrifice.
Segal, Charles. "Antigone: Death and Love, Hades and Dionysus." Greek Tragedy. Edited by Erich Segal. Harper & Row, 1983, pp. 167-76. Segal interprets the mythic references to Persephone employed by the chorus to describe Antigone's premature death. He also presents an analysis of the play depicting the heroine confronting the political implications of burial rights.
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