Where are pathos, logos, and ethos found in Animal Farm?

Pathos is an emotional appeal meant to persuade audiences by influencing their emotions. In the opening chapter of the novella, Old Major utilizes pathos during his moving speech in order to appeal to the animals's emotions. He exercises pathos by telling the animals,

Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth (Orwell, 4).

Old Major appeals the animals's emotions as they contemplate the depressing nature of their miserable lives. Old Major portrays their existence as meaningless and depressing, which subconsciously influences them to be open to his solution. They become sad and emotionally disturbed as they reflect on their current situation under Mr. Jones's tyranny. Because of the speech, they wish to change the trajectory of their lives.

Ethos is an ethical appeal, which is meant to convince the audience that the speaker is a credible source and an authority on a given subject. In chapter seven, Squealer announces that they have discovered documents that reveal Snowball was in a league with Mr. Jones and acted as his secret agent during the Battle of the Cowshed. Squealer states that Snowball fought against them and revises history by telling the animals that Snowball was dedicated to the demise of Animal Farm. When Boxer disagrees with Squealer's assessment of the battle, Squealer utilizes ethos by saying,

Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon...has stated categorically−categorically, comrade−that Snowball was Jones's agent from the very beginning−yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of. (Orwell, 26).

Squealer's argument is considered an example of ethos because he appeals to Napoleon's authority. Napoleon is believed to be a knowledgeable expert on the subject, and many animals view him in high regard. By attaching Napoleon's name to any claim, Squealer solidifies his argument. He knows that the animals will accept it with Napoleon involved.

Logos is an appeal to logic meant to persuade audiences using reason. Squealer exercises logos when he reads statistics aloud in order to prove that the farm is working efficiently and conditions are better than they were in Jones's days. In chapter eight, Orwell writes,

On Sunday mornings Squealer, holding down a long strip of paper with his trotter, would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred percent, three hundred percent, or five hundred percent, as the case might be" (29).

By manipulating statistics, Squealer is able to fool the animals into believing that the farm's economy is thriving under Napoleon. It builds up Napoleon as a competent, selfless leader. Numbers and statistics are founded on logic and reason, which is why Squealer's method is considered an example of ethos.