Student Question

What are the two divine gifts to man in Pope's "An Essay on Man"?

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In Pope's An Essay on Man, the two divine gifts to man are hope and the ignorance of the future. Hope allows all people, regardless of their circumstances, to aspire and find happiness. The ignorance of the future prevents despair, enabling humans to remain hopeful and content with their present state.

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For this question, think especially of two key passages from Pope's AnEssay on Man. First:

Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate,
All but the page prescribed: their present state.

and:

Lo, the poor Indian, whose untutored mind
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the...

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wind.
His soul proud Science never taught to stray,
Far as the Solar Walk, or Milky Way.

In the second passage, Pope can (and with some justice) be accused of a typically demeaning Eurocentric view of Native Americans. But the main thrust of these lines is to express empathy, and the adjective "poor" is ironic. Pope's point is that scientific knowledge does not increase happiness or make us morally any better than others. Hope is the gift forming the basis of whatever we aspire to, and all peoples have hope, regardless of their "advancement," belief systems, or their conditions in life.

It is significant that Pope alludes to those who might be considered by some to have been deprived of hope in this world—both the American Indian and the African American—in his imagined view of heaven:

Some safer world in depth of wood embraced,
Some happier island in the watery waste,
Where slaves once more their native land behold,
No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.

Pope felt himself the Other, both due to having been born a Roman Catholic in Protestant England and because of his physical size, as a man whose growth had been interrupted in childhood through an illness or heredity. It's therefore not surprising that his empathy would extend to other ethnicities or races and that he would consider all to have received the equal gift of hope from God.

The first quotation above would seem almost an inverse of the concept of hope, but it's actually a corollary of it. Pope appears to be saying that we are all gifted in not knowing what the future will bring. God keeps the information from us deliberately, and this enables us to exercise the instrument of hopefulness.

Despite the outwardly positive message of AnEssay on Man, most readers would detect a deep melancholy as its subtext. The overall theme is that mankind should strive to be happy with what it has and that the forces driving the cosmos are unfathomable, inaccessible to our knowledge.

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