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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

by Mark Twain

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Themes: Social Class

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The characters in the book span the social spectrum, from the feuding Grangerfords and Shepherdsons, who represent the wealthy landowning class, to several vagrants, drifters, and, of course, slaves. It is ironic that the grandest titles, Duke of Bridgewater and Dauphin of France, are claimed by characters close to the bottom of the social spectrum for white people, a couple of miscreant vagabonds who make money by cheating and stealing from the vulnerable.

The book begins with a significant change in Huck’s own social status. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, he was outside the respectable society of St. Petersburg, the envy of the other children because he did not have to attend school but a pariah as far as the adults were concerned. However, having become rich, he has begun to live with the Widow Douglas, one of the town’s wealthiest and most socially elite citizens. Huck’s father, a ragged, illiterate alcoholic, is horrified to find his son learning to read and write, wearing smart, clean clothes, and sleeping in a soft bed in a fine house. This elevation in Huck’s social status seems to irk him just as much as his inability to claim Huck’s money, for which he has no plans except to spend it on whiskey.

Although Twain often satirizes respectability, he also treats his upper-class characters with more respect than the poor and ignorant. Even the icily cruel Colonel Sherburn is clearly the superior of everyone else in the town where he lives, and his social superiority translates directly into his quality as a human being. He may be unsympathetic, but he is also courageous and cool-headed, conscious that he is a better, braver, more intelligent man than the rabble who want to lynch him. Both Twain and Huck seem to share his perspective, along with that of Widow Douglas, who says that good breeding is “worth as much in a man as it is in a horse.”

Expert Q&A

What is Twain satirizing through the characters of the duke and the king?

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain satirizes both the greed of the duke and the king through their numerous scams and the gullibility of the people they deceive. Additionally, by naming them "the duke" and "the king," Twain criticizes political leaders, portraying them as opportunistic conmen who exploit the innocent. Ultimately, their punishment by the townspeople suggests societal power against corrupt authority.

Why is having a respectable family mandatory for each member of Tom Sawyer's gang, and why is Huck almost excluded?

Although Tom Sawyer's gang of robbers is created with the intention of being a lawless group, there are several instances in which the idea of respectability and its relation to society play a part in the decisions that the boys make. Tom has Huck swear an oath that requires each member to have a respectable family. Huck shows his own independent nature when he offers to skip this rule because his family is without any money. That Huck might be willing to take on this requirement demonstrates that he is not entirely without moral restraint, despite having been raised by an alcoholic sister known for her improper behavior. Ultimately, Tom accepts Huck into the group anyway and does not include any rule about respecting one's family.

What are some examples of satire related to nobility in Huck Finn?

Satire related to nobility in Huck Finn primarily involves the characters of the Duke and the King, who are con artists posing as nobility. Twain uses their deception to critique how "nobles" manipulate others for personal gain. The Grangerfords and Shepherdsons, representing Southern "royalty," are portrayed as uncivilized despite their social status. Twain's satire highlights the absurdity and moral failings of the so-called noble class, emphasizing their fallibility and the consequences of their actions.

What is Twain satirizing in the Wilks episode and Grangerfords description in "Huck Finn"?

In the Wilks episode, Twain is again satirizing hypocrisy in the characters of the duke and the dauphin. The fact that they can step into a family and pretend to be relatives speaks to the ignorance of common society. Those who are professionals (the doctor, the lawyer) are ridiculed for not believing the con artists' story. The emphasis on physical beauty in women, rather than intellectual strength is also emphasized. Huck refers to one sister as "hare-lip", and she is forced to do chores and serve the others. Yet she is the only sister who suspects Huck's story and grills him mercilessly to get the truth.

What connection does Huck see between the duke and the king and real royalty in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

Huck sees the duke and the king as similar to real royalty in their deceitful and selfish behavior. Despite recognizing them as con men, Huck tolerates their antics to maintain peace. Through his reflections, Huck equates royalty with dishonesty, viewing kings as inherently corrupt due to their upbringing. This mirrors Twain's critical view of monarchy and political leaders as exploitative figures, akin to the con artists Huck encounters.

How accurate is Huck's understanding of dukes and kings in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

Huck's understanding of dukes and kings is satirical and reflects Mark Twain's critique of royalty. While not entirely accurate, Huck's observations are humorously close to historical truths, such as the ways kings handle wars and wealth. His comments about royal infidelity and executions are exaggerated, showing his American, republican perspective. Huck's limited knowledge highlights the American unfamiliarity with monarchy, which becomes evident when he encounters con artists posing as a king and duke.

Sherburn's attitude towards the lynch mob in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Sherburn's attitude towards the lynch mob in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of contempt and disdain. He views the mob as cowardly and spineless, criticizing them for only having the courage to confront him when they are in a group. Sherburn's speech highlights his belief that true bravery and justice are absent in their actions.

Mark Twain's Social Criticism in Huckleberry Finn

In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain critiques society through themes of moral hypocrisy, racism, and social injustice. He highlights the hypocrisy of characters like the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who preach morality yet own slaves. The conmen, the Duke and the King, exemplify greed and deceit, while Huck, as an innocent outsider, questions society's norms. Twain subtly advocates for social change by portraying Jim as a fully human character deserving of freedom, challenging readers to reevaluate their views on slavery and morality.

Twain's Satire in Colonel Sherburn's Actions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Twain satirizes the cowardice and hypocrisy of mobs through Colonel Sherburn's actions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Sherburn confronts the mob that comes to lynch him, highlighting their lack of true courage and their tendency to act only when they feel anonymous and safe in numbers, thus criticizing societal tendencies toward mob mentality and false bravery.

Satirical elements of the Grangerford's house, art, and poetry in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

The satirical elements of the Grangerford's house, art, and poetry in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn highlight the absurdity and pretentiousness of Southern aristocracy. The overly ornate and tasteless decor, coupled with the melodramatic and poorly crafted poetry, serve to mock the Grangerfords' attempts to appear cultured and sophisticated, revealing the hollowness beneath their genteel facade.

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