Michael Kirschner
eNotes Educator
Achievements
9
Educator Level
948
Answers Posted
83
Answers Bonused
About
I teach World Cultures and History at Beaver Falls High School in Western Pennsylvania. I am a graduate of Pennsylvania State University and received my Master's Degree from Youngstown State University.
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Recent Activity
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Answered a Question in Religion in the Thirteen Colonies
John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, serving for twenty years between 1629 and 1649. He was a pious man with a deep faith in God. He speaks of unequal... -
Answered a Question in History
The period after World War I is called the Roaring Twenties in American history. It is a period that is marked by a sharp uptick in the American economy, especially with respect to manufacturing... -
Answered a Question in History
Globalism refers to the integration of companies, resources, or markets from different areas of the world. With the innovations in communication and transportation that were realized in the last... -
Answered a Question in The Colonial Economy
Salutary neglect, which was the British policy towards the American colonists in the early to mid-1700's. It was a system of loose imperial control over the colonies and a lax enforcement of... -
Answered a Question in History
The Agricultural Revolution, which coincided with the climate change at the conclusion of the last ice age, had a dramatic impact on humanity. Farming allowed humans to form permanent settlements... -
Answered a Question in The Ancient World
There were a number of factors that allowed the Assyrians to become the most feared fighting unit in the world. Geography, especially the lack of natural protection from attack played an important... -
Answered a Question in The Ancient World
Through the years, Hollywood has trumpeted the military acumen of the ancient Spartan people, but the city-state also enjoyed tremendous cultural advancement. The Spartans built a very well... -
Answered a Question in The Market Revolution, Industrialization, and New Technologies
In addition to the obvious implications of steam technology in the development of new machines, the steam engine also allowed European powers to explore lands that they previously did not have... -
Answered a Question in Jamestown
A charter colony is a self-governing entity in which the king grants a charter to a company to establish a colony in the Americas. The king would do this so that he did not have to spend the... -
Answered a Question in History
Sectionalism arose in the United States as a response to the differences in the economies of the different regions of the United States. The North, which did not enjoy the fertile lands of the... -
Answered a Question in History
During the era of Christopher Columbus in the 15th Century, Europeans were very interested in the markets of India and the East. Countries like Portugal, England, and Spain were interested in... -
Answered a Question in European Colonization of North America
European colonies in the Americas varied in many important aspects. The only real similarity between the three countries colonial ambitions is that they were all done to make a profit for the... -
Answered a Question in History
Great Britain's economic policy, mercantilism, required that the country export more goods than it imported. For this to happen, Britain needed to maintain its status as the world's strongest... -
Answered a Question in The Grievances of the Colonists
While it is somewhat popular to believe that the Thirteen Colonies were economically and politically unified, nothing could be further from the truth. Throughout the colonies, differing political... -
Answered a Question in History
There are a number of factors that rendered feudalism obsolete. The most important factor was most likely the economic transformation that took place between near the end of the Middle Ages. Under... -
Answered a Question in European Exploration of America
The work of Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 was instrumental in the ability of Europeans to explore distant lands by sea. Gutenberg developed a printing press which could be used to mass-produce... -
Answered a Question in History
While the Treaty of Tordesillas did indeed establish boundaries in the New World for the quarreling European powers, it's most important impact was the precedent that it set in dealing with the... -
Answered a Question in Secession and Civil War
The physical damage of the Civil War is estimated to total over $1.4 billion. That estimate is based on the value of money in 1865. The destruction caused by the conflict between the states is hard... -
Answered a Question in American Imperialism
There were a number of factors that contributed to the United States emerging as a world power in the early 1900's. Industrialism and manufacturing are very important to American... -
Answered a Question in The French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War)
The French and Indian War completely changed the national dynamics in North America with the British acquiring land and the French being essentially expelled. While this, and the impact of... -
Answered a Question in World War I
The Industrial Revolution had a profound effect on Europe. The Industrial Revolution was an important component of many of the other causes of the Great War. Industrialism created a system of... -
Answered a Question in History
There were many countries that did not have a claim to lands in North America. It would probably be more prudent to discuss the European countries that actually had claims. England had claims... -
Answered a Question in History
In general, the colonial reaction to the French and Indian War led to rebellion against their former allies in the war. The colonies felt a sense of confidence and unity from the victory. More and... -
Answered a Question in The Ancient World
Geography always plays a very important role in how humans organize their culture. This was certainly the case with the Ancient Greeks as geography made it nearly impossible for the early... -
Answered a Question in History
Adolf Hitler understood the importance of getting his ideology out to the youth of his nation. He did this through his Hitler Youth program and the public education system. This process of... -
Answered a Question in History
The Enlightenment was an era in Europe in which there was a transition from religious thought and irrationality to the application of reason and investigation to acquire truth. The Enlightenment... -
Answered a Question in History
Historians generally feel that the beginning of the Holocaust was the date that Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany (January 30, 1933). This is a compelling argument because much of... -
Answered a Question in History
The 15th Century saw a renewed interest in trading in Europe. One of the primary reasons for this was the contact that the Europeans experienced with the East during the Holy Crusades. The... -
Answered a Question in History
Cultural imperialism is the process of a stronger culture attempting to subjugate another country through the dissemination of its cultural traits. American popular culture is an instrument... -
Answered a Question in History
There were a number of characteristics of the Renaissance that set it apart from the centuries that preceded it in Europe. The period saw a renewed interest in the classical works of Greece and... -
Answered a Question in History
The Persians and Assyrians were both large empires in the Middle East from the Iron Age world. Both kingdoms boasted powerful militaries that protected their vast holdings and expanded their... -
Answered a Question in History
Considering that much of the technology that permitted Europeans to traverse the oceans came from Asia and the Far East, the reason is not found in any technical advantage that Europe possessed... -
Answered a Question in History
They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks' bells. They willingly traded everything they owned...... -
Answered a Question in History
Adolf Hitler was able to utilize the punishments levied against Germany by the Treaty of Versailles to rally political support for the goals of the Nazi Party. The Germans were greatly harmed... -
Answered a Question in Memories of the Ford Administration
In the book Memories of the Ford Administration by John Updike, Clayton seems to give Gerald Ford an endorsement as a good president, but he does not give the same glowing endorsement to popular... -
Answered a Question in Night
But the third rope was still moving: the child, too light, was still breathing....And so he remained for more than half an hour, lingering between life and death, writhing before our... -
Answered a Question in Night
“Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed....Never shall I forget those moments which... -
Answered a Question in Night
The quote that you are referencing is from Elie Wiesel's seminal work on the Holocaust titled Night. The passage is from page 10: The Germans were already in our town, the Fascist were already in... -
Answered a Question in History
The Cold War developed after World War II because the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the strongest powers in the world. The ideological, economic, and political differences between... -
Answered a Question in History
The executive branch is responsible for enforcing the laws of Congress. The President of the United States is the head of the executive branch and chooses the heads of all of the executive... -
Answered a Question in History
An argument can be made that the America we know today was forged during the 1920's. The period that followed the Great War was one of great economic growth and social change. America's wealth grew... -
Answered a Question in History
Suleiman the Magnificent (reign: 1520-1566) was the most respected sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He led the empire into its golden age through expansion and reforming the legal system. He was... -
Answered a Question in History
An easy question to ask Christopher Columbus about his fourth voyage would be whether he wished he would have never taken it. The answer to that question would have been a resounding "no."... -
Answered a Question in History
Vasco da Gama was a member of the Portuguese nobility, so it would stand to reason that wealth motivated da Gama in his pursuits over the oceans. Europeans had acquired a taste and preference for... -
Answered a Question in History
The Sharpeville Massacre occurred as a result of an organized effort by the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress to protest against pass laws. Pass laws required black... -
Answered a Question in History
Julius Caesar was a very popular reformer and military general in Rome. He brazenly led his troops across the Rubicon River in 49 BC in an effort to secure complete control of Rome from his rival,... -
Answered a Question in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas
In the fateful "Chapter Nineteen: What Happened the Next Day," a tragic turn of events unfolds as Bruno decides to sneak to the camp with his best friend Shmuel. Bruno is given a pair of... -
Answered a Question in History
This question is not very specific on a number of levels. Does this question mean the calendars that we use today? There are a number of different calendars used in different parts of the world.... -
Answered a Question in History
When you think of the word freedom and place it in the context of American history, nobody quite exemplifies the word like Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, Douglass spent a great deal... -
Answered a Question in History
There were a number of reasons for the Russian population to be dissatisfied with Czar Nicholas in 1917. For one, he was not a very good leader and was not in touch with the needs of his people....
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