If one limits a compilation of violent political transformations to revolutions and excludes coups d’etat, then the number is drastically reduced, as instances of the latter can fill a book by themselves. Revolution defined as a radical removal of one political regime with another, however, brings the discussion into more manageable parameters. Between 1938 and the present (2013), there has been nonstop political violence, but, until the outbreak of the so-called Arab Spring in 2011, genuine revolution has been less common. Also, whether liberation from foreign occupation through violent or peaceful means constitutes “revolution” for the purposes of discussion is uncertain. Clearly, the successful Vietnamese effort to defeat the French in 1954 could be considered revolutionary, as could the achievement of independence by East Timor between 1999 and 2002, or the successful break from Ethiopia on the part of Eritrea during the early 1990s. And, of course, India’s independence movement succeeded in achieving its goal in 1947 with Britain’s decision to withdraw from its most prized colony. A reasonable list, however, could look this: [Note: dates reflect final resolution of a revolutionary war, not the date at which it began]
1944: Guatemala
1945: Vietnam’s August Revolution; Venezuela (probably more a coup, but included)
1947: India
1948: Israel
1949: China
1952: Egypt; Bolivia
1954: Vietnam
1956: Hungary (uprising against Soviet-installed government; deemed a revolution); Tibetan revolt against Chinese domination
1958: Iraq
1959: Cuba; Rwanda
1962: Yemen; Algeria
1963: Syria (probably more a coup, but included); Iran
1964: Sudan
1968: Republic of Congo; Czechoslovakia (uprising against Soviet-installed government)
1969: Pakistan
1971: Bangladesh
1972: Benin; Malagasy Republic (Madagascar)
1973: Thailand
1974: Ethiopia; Portugal
1975: Angola; Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam; Cape Verde
1978: Afghanistan (more of a coup, but included)
1979: Grenada; Iran; Nicaragua
1986: Philippines
1989: Poland; East Germany; Romania; Czechoslovakia; China (failed rebellion at Tiananmen Square)
1991: Lithuania; Estonia; Latvia (achieve liberation from Soviet control); Iraqi Kurdistan; Ethiopia; Eritrea
1992: Albania
1994: Mexico (Zapatista rebellion)
1996: Chechnya; Afghanistan
1998: Indonesia
1999: Kosovo; Chechnya
2000: Serbia
2001: Macedonia; Philippines; Argentina
2002: East Timor
2003: Georgia; Darfur region of Sudan begins revolt
2004: Ukraine
2005: Lebanon; Kyrgyzstan
2009: Iceland
2010: Kyrgyzstan
2011-present: Tunisia; Libya; Egypt; Syria; Yemen
2012: Central African Republican
This list is fairly comprehensive, but not complete depending upon how one frames the discussion of what constitutes a revolution.
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