Question

What are the Biblical allusions in "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

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The first biblical allusion seen in "Young Goodman Brown" is Brown's wife, Faith. In the parable of the Ten Virgins (Matthew 25), the members of Christ's church are those who wait for him to follow him to the wedding. The reference to weddings and marriages are plentiful in the Bible; therefore, a connection can be made with the marriage of Brown to his wife Faith is just like the commitment needed to be strong and faithful in membership of a church. Brown struggles with his loyalty to his wife Faith, justifying that he'll be back in the morning, just like those who would go sin a little and promise that they will be back in church later. Hence, the connection that Brown has with his wife is likened to the connection he has with his God.
The next image that makes reference to the Bible is the staff that the old man is holding which looks like "a great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent" (Paragraph 13). One might first think of Moses holding his staff in front of the Pharoh and tossing it to the ground where it changed into a snake and ate other snakes.  But more accurately,  the reference is to the devil in the Garden of Eden who is a serpent (Genesis 3).
There are many more references to Biblical thoughts, ideas, and principles throughout Hawthorne's short story of a man whose curiosity of sin destroys his relationship with his religion. The enotes.com link below provides more answers to your question and the second link is to the story itself.

Answer

An allusion is a reference to a previous work of literature or art.
One Biblical allusion in "Young Goodman Brown" occurs in the following line:

So saying, he threw it down at her [Goody Cloyse's] feet, where, perhaps, it assumed life, being one of the rods which its owner had formerly lent to the Egyptian Magi.

This alludes to Exodus 7:10-11. In this scene, the Egyptian magicians or Magi throw down their staffs just as Aaron did, and the staffs (rods) become snakes:

When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Perform a miracle,’ then say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh,’ and it will become a snake. . . . and the Egyptian magicians also did the same things by their secret arts. (Exodus, 7-10-11)

It is notable that the rod thrown down is likened to the Egyptian magis's staff. The magi would be practicing dark ("secret") arts and not performing a miracle as Aaron does.
The word communion also occurs several times. While we tend to think of communion as a church ritual, the first communion took place in the Bible when Jesus broke bread and poured wine, giving these to the disciples and saying "this is my body and blood; eat this in remembrance of me". In the Hawthorne story, however, the communion referred to is with the devil.

Answer

The old man with the serpent-staff is certainly a double allusion to both the serpent in the Garden of Eden and to Moses holding up the serpent on the staff in the desert so that those who have been bitten by poisonous serpents may look up at it and be miraculously healed. However, Hawthorne is being ironic here, since the old man represents the Devil, and his staff does not represent salvation from death but a fall into depravity and sin.
After the old man lends the staff to Goody Cloyse, the narrator mentions that the staff had once been lent to "the Egyptian Magi." This is an allusion to the part in the Book of Exodus where Moses comes to the Egyptian court to work wonders as proof that he has been sent by God and so turns his staff into a snake, only for the Egyptian court magicians to do the same with their staffs. This suggests the old man is, once again, the Devil, who has been working against humanity throughout history. Brown will only be his latest victim.

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What are the Biblical allusions in "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

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