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Renaissance and Reformation
Where: The Protestant Reformation was a Northern European and British phenomenon. When: The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 with the promulgation of Martin Luther’s “95 Theses.” The...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Thinking counterfactually about history is always more an exercise in science fiction or fantasy than something realistic, mainly because the variables aren't independent. For example, you can't...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The Protestant Reformation radically shifted the power relationship between Church and State in the Latin West. The best way to understand this is to see it as part of an historical trajectory....
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Religion
The idea of the “Treasury of Merit” was central to the ability of the Roman Catholic Church to grant indulgences to its members. Indulgences were, of course, a major issue that bothered people...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The Leipzig Disputation took place at Pleissenburg Castle in Leipzig, began in June 1519, ended in July, and lasted three weeks, only two years after Martin Luther posted his famous Ninety-Five...
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Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was established September 25, 1555, when the Holy Roman Empire assembled for their diet, meaning conference, in Augsburg that year, 38 years after Martin Luther began his...
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History
If people believe in predestination, as the Calvinists were supposed to, they should have no reason to behave in a proper way. Predestination is a doctrine that holds that God already knows which...
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Renaissance and Reformation
A couple of different forms of corruption can be spotted in Albert of Mainz's career. For one thing, Albert was already the bishop of Brandenburg at the age of 24 and then became the Archbishop of...
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Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) was a Dutch scholar and humanist whose humorous treatments of Roman Catholic orthodoxy endeared him to many reformers while subjecting him to enormous criticism from...
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History
Italian Renaissance began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century; Northern Renaissance occurred in countries North of Italy. Italian Renascentists' ideas began spreading...
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History
Italy during the renaissance era was subdivided into a number of city states, small kingdoms and the papal state. The political structures of these states varied considerably and included...
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History
The Renaissance is not the sort of historical event that has a definite beginning and ending. Things like the Renaissance, which are characterized by the rise of certain ideas, cannot be...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Although the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution were different in many ways, they can both be traced back to the ideas that became more prevalent in Europe during the...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Like modern science, the "natural philosophy" of the Renaissance was derived largely from observation. It is well-known that Renaissance humanist thought was deeply informed by classic texts, and...
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History
There are a number of aspects to the spirit of the Renaissance, but we will focus on two of them that are most closely related to the statement given here. First, the spirit of the Renaissance...
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Renaissance and Reformation
In reality, life for most Europeans probably was not better during the Renaissance than during the Medieval period. Indeed, the average European would probably have been surprised to know that he...
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Renaissance and Reformation
There are two main reasons why Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and started the English Reformation. Neither of them really has to do with theology as Henry had previously won the...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The Protestant Reformation started out merely as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church and its people. However, it then grew into a full-fledged revolution. When Martin Luther first published...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Although we should not overstate this, the Renaissance can be regarded as a revolution because it fundamentally changed modes of thought in Western Europe. The Renaissance can be seen as a...
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History
The 1500s were a time of tremendous change in Europe. Perhaps the two most important changes were the Renaissance and the Reformation. The Renaissance did not start in 1500. Instead, it had...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance led indirectly to the "discovery" of the Americas because it created an intellectual atmosphere that promoted exploration. Before the Renaissance, there was relatively little...
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Renaissance and Reformation
During the Middle Ages knowledge was based on authority, which was not to be questioned. That authority consisted of the Bible and Aristotle. Interpretations of the Bible were also not to be...
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Social Sciences
According to Max Weber, the Protestant Reformation (and most specifically the teachings of Calvin) led to a process of rationalization of society. This ended up, he said, putting people in "iron...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The above answer downplays the difference between the two eras; perhaps more than is accurate. There were substantial and meaningful differences between the two periods. Learning and education in...
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Renaissance and Reformation
There were many social and religious factors that were responsible for this transition. Among them were: The Northern Renaissance. This brought ideas like those of Erasmus which took hold and...
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Renaissance and Reformation
It seems likely that doctrinal reforms might well have arisen from the Northern Renaissance had the Reformation not happened. However, it seems very unlikely that they would have gone very far in...
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Renaissance and Reformation
From our perspective today, the Reformation does seem like an obvious outgrowth of the Northern Renaissance. Luther came to his beliefs through close study of the Bible, which was something the...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The Northern Renaissance is sometimes referred to as the prelude to the Protestant Reformation because it set the stage for the Reformation. It did so mainly in an intellectual sense. As the...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Actually, the Lutheran church does have bishops and priests and deacons -- that is a hierarchy. They are closer, however, to the pentarchy of orthodoxy and earl Christianity than to the uniquely...
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Renaissance and Reformation
An interesting asside is that some historians say Charlemagne was "furious" when he was unexpectedlly crowned the "Roman Emperor" by the Pope. Charlemagne had built his empire without the help of...
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Renaissance and Reformation
I would say it was a completely new political entity. Being crowned "Roman Emperor" by the Pope was a reach of desperation by the Catholic Church to keep themselves at the seat of power in Europe....
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Renaissance and Reformation
These roles did change to some extent. Nobles continued to be extremely important in the military and the government, but the exact nature of their importance changed. In addition, they became...
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Renaissance and Reformation
It is, of course, impossible to know what might have happened. We can only guess about what human minds are capable of. However, it does seem that it would not have been possible for the...
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Renaissance and Reformation
There are at least two ways to look at this question. On the one hand, we can look at the immediate causes of the Reformation. The Reformation was caused by the unhappiness that Martin Luther felt...
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Renaissance and Reformation
It is very difficult to know the reason for this with any certainty. However, a few plausible explanations have been given for the lack of a reformation in Italy. The Pope was in Rome and was...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Three examples of connections between the theatre of Shakespeare and the political and social/cultural events of the Elizabethan era can be found in the areas of:Role of women: All women in...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Discoveries in science led to a new way of thinking for Europeans because they called into question various ideas that had been taken on the authority of the Bible or the authority of classical...
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Renaissance and Reformation
The Counter Reformation had both positive and negative effects on Europe. The Council of Trent, a major part of the Counter Reformation, instituted many positive changes within Catholicism. The...
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History
I'm sorry this answer comes so late, but hope the information helps anyway! The theater during Renaissance times was very dry, stiff, and formal. The actors and actresses often spoke in rhyme and...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Henry VIII was more than just a man who discarded his wives through murder, divorce and humiliation, he was an intelligent, complex man who became King of England at the age of 18, rather...
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Renaissance and Reformation
Philippa Gregory is an author of historical fiction that actually traces the lives of many of the Renaissance Queens--Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII and Elizabeth's mother), Mary (rose to...