Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Questions and Answers
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Discuss Maslow’s concept of conative, aesthetic, cognitive, and neurotic needs
According to humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow, all individuals strive to become self-actualized, or reach their fullest potential; however, in order to do so, a series of needs must first be...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What is the difference between 'patience' and 'tolerance', according to psychology? i want to relate the 'concept of...
Patience and tolerance initially appear to be relatively similar; however, upon closer examination, they are actually quite different experiences. According to some psychologists, patience and...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What is the definition of cognitive task?
Cognition--from which "cognitive task" derives, is the scientific term that essentially means "the process of thought." Cognitive tasks therefore, are the actions which help define cognitive...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What role does memories serve in our lives?
Memories serve a very important function in our lives. To examine the importance of memories though, one must understand their functions in different capacities. First, memories are important in...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How might memory be influenced by internal and external factors?
Short-term and long-term memory can be influenced by both internal and external factors. The time and place where the memory occurred can have an impact on its formation. Internal factors...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Define engulfment, implosion, and petrification in R.D. Laing's The Divided Self. How can we apply these on a...
Under the heading of "ontological anxiety" Laing invokes the work of Kafka, Beckett, and Shakespeare to describe the the sense of non-existence which often permeates the life of those suffering...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Briefly describe the Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, and closure. Provides simple diagrams illustrating...
Gestalt principals have to do with what is known as "visual perception." It's how people view visual information and organize what they see. Gestalt, in German, means form or shape. By nature of...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What is the definition of psychosocial task?
When we think of psychosocial development and psychosocial tasks, we usually think of Erikson and his stages of psychosocial development. In this theory, human development is defined as going...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Why is educational psychology considered a science?
While psychology is generally considered a “soft science” (meaning not provable by scientific means or physical laws), educational psychology has produced many years of data through experimentation...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What is the role of the "mythological hero" in psychotherapy? Please explain this idea. from The Myth of the Birth...
Application of Rank's The Myth of the Birth of the Hero most directly relates to child and family therapy. In his studies, Rank looked at the qualities and similarities of well known literary and...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Outline 2 challenges to the basic assumptions of classical conditioning. What are some practical implications of...
This is an important question, because people are complex. In other words, there is not only one way to help people. Hence, the assumptions of classical conditioning can be very reductionistic in...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
In contrast to Freud, on what did Erikson place greater emphesis?
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, created psychoanalysis and founded clinical psychiatry as we know it today. His theories have been challenged and changed but remain the base of modern...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Eexplain how classical conditioning may account for the development of a specific phobia Making specific reference to...
The Russian Scientist, Pavlov, demonstrated “conditioning” of dogs in an experiment involving exposure of the dogs to meat powder (the unconditional stimulus, or UCS), resulting in salivation (the...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How is a schema related to constructive processing?
A schema (plural schemata) is any pattern of thought, idea, or habit that exists in a structured form (Wikipedia). Constructive processing is the conscious examination and absorption of outside...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Discuss the different errors involved in attribution. Attribution: explanation of causes of behavior.
Attribution (in psychology) is a term which denotes how individuals explain behavior, their own and the behavior of others. Attribution can be internal (causes are from within, personality or...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How does perception affect hearing and sound.
"Sound" refers to a type of wave that emits from particles when they vibrate. Humans can hear only a certain range. What you hear at any given moment depends on how your brain decides to process...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How are conative needs measured?
Let's begin by reviewing the definition and scope of conative needs. Conative needs are those that involve striving. People naturally tend to direct their efforts toward fulfilling these needs;...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Generate two (2) original examples which support the idea that memory is constructive, not merely a passive...
This is a great question and you are right that our memories are not passive but very active. Many scholars from different field have been working on this topic. Here are two examples of how our...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Define and provide original examples from your own experience of: (a) an absolute threshold (b) a difference...
All three of these terms relate to the perception of stimulus. I can't give you original examples based on your experiences, of course, but I can think of a few common ones and you can add your...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How might a strengths-based approach, like positive psychology, be more effective in working with clients suffering...
Strength-based approaches have been shown to offer numerous advantages. Because they focus on the individual and emphasize their strength and self-determination, such approaches build on the...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Explain the five needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Beginning at the base of Maslow's pyramid, the first type of need is physiological needs. These are the obvious things, like food, water, and sleep that we need in order to survive. After we have...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Describe the theory of operant conditioning.
The theory of operant conditioning is defined as an approach used in behavioral sciences with the purpose of creating or extinguishing a behavior based on the application or retention of stimuli....
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Explain in detail the difference between Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Dissociative Identity Disorder.
These three types of mental illness are different in both symptoms and known causes. Schizophrenia has genetic precursors, and is neither trauma or chemically induced. The schizophrenic has...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How can you distinguish between dementia, delirium, and amnesiatic disorders?
Dementia involves symptoms of loss of brain function, including memory, as well as distortions in personality that are out of character. Patients may also lose the ability to perform basic motor...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Crystal received her SAT score from her counselor. She scored two standard deviations above the mean. What does this...
To know what this says about her score, we first have to understand a couple of statistical terms. First of all, mean in the average score. Standard deviations are set marks that are based around...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What factors influence reactions to stress?
Stress is caused when your body thinks it is in harm’s way. Originally and in nature, this meant physical nature. Stress can now be caused by all kinds of non-life-threatening pressures. Our...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Describe some of the differences among perception, memory and imagination.
This is a fascinating question. Recently a lot of scholars from all disciplines have been working on this topic - philosophy, history, and psychology. Here are some thoughts on each of these...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What is metacognition and cognition?
Cognition can be defined as the mental ability or a set of mental processes that are involved in thinking, reasoning, perception, comprehension, making judgments and decisions, etc. In simplest...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Are you able to tell when someone is being honest with you?
Yes, there are cues you can use. When a person is lying, the person often either seems to be making an extra effort to look you in the eye or avoids looking at you. However, there are many...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Psychology Can you help me understand the defenition of Archetypes?
The answer given above is very helpful. The idea of archetypes presumes that human nature is basically pretty much the same everywhere and always and that certain characters, themes, and symbols...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
In psychology, what is a "schema?"
"Schema" is usually used to mean any cohesive thought or behavioral pattern. Any collected or organized group of ideas, habits, or knowledge can be classified as a schema (Wikipedia). New knowledge...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What is actually learned in classical conditioning according to traditional Pavlovian approach?
The traditional Pavlovian classical conditioning teaches us that a response can be achieved by association. In humans, it means that a person can achieve a behavior, or respond to a situation in a...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Color effects on personality. The characteristics of the color blue (honesty, passive, peaceful, sentimental) can...
I'm going to guess from this question that it was posed by your teacher and you are to write about something personal. This means that any Enotes answers could best be used as inspiration or to...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Elaborate on the five-factor model of trait personality theory.
In 1992 Costa and McCrea published their Five Factor Model (FFM) or so called “Big 5” broad categories or dimensions of personality types. The authors sought to explain certain academic behaviors...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How can children be helped emotionally?
As a parent, teacher, and former therapeudic counselor I have come to believe that one of the most important components of raising, developing, or helping children grow with emotional stability, is...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Counseling is a necessary application of psychology to modern society. Discuss with examples.
Psychology is the science behind or the study of the mind and behavior. One of the main goals of applied psychology is to benefit society. A huge component of psychology is the drawing of...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How might you use the levels of processing effect to explain how a child learns the English alphabet?
In Lockhart and Craik's alternative to the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model, it is suggested that the depth of mental processing affects memory function. The range of processing goes from shallow...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Describe the stages of psychosocial development, and the interaction of opposites, the basic strengths and...
A man named, oddly enough, Erik Erikson came up with this idea. He developed a list of 7 stages of "psychosocial" development: HOPE --"trust versus mistrust." An infant is unable to take care of...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
I need an idea to create an experiment that violates a nonverbal social norm.
Your question is a bit hard to understand. It would be helpful to know what you want to study. Without that piece of knowledge, all I can do is offer you some suggestions of possible experiments of...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
major influence of industrial psychologymajor influence of industrial psychology?
I usually think of it as organizational psychology, but it can also be called industrial psychology. Here is a link to a useful bit of information:...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
How would you interpret Piaget's Theory of Infant Development? Is cognitive process and sensormotor stage a part...
"Cognitive process" refers, in basic terms, to the development of intellectual capability. "Sensorimotor stages" attempt to organize and order the physical capabilities and reactions to physical...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
In the elementary classroom of today,what would be some possible, practical applications of cognitive development...
One key principle of Vygotsky that is currently present in the classroom is the idea of "scaffolding." Whether labeled as such or not, this was Vygotsky's term for building new learning by using...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Explain the psychological importance of understanding one's development as an infant, child, or adolescent. Explain...
I do not necessarily think it is imperative that a parent fully understands the how's and why's of child-development, as long as the parent is willing to pick a path of parenting and attempt to...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What scientific evidence can you produce to dispute that the cause of a certain behavior is the result of a traumatic...
I'm not sure that without some sort of medical or psychological degree, you have it in your power to disprove your friend "scientifically." In fact, when it comes to behavior, psychology is unique...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Compare and contrast Piaget and Vygotsky's views on the stages of development? This question is a little difficult to...
The developmental theories of Piaget and Vygotsky are not only different in nature, but different in approach, and you are right in that they are difficult to compare. The best way to approach the...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Why is emotional development a reason some people shame others?
The nature of this question is almost too vague to answer with specifics, unless some definition is brought to some of the terms provided. I'm going take this from the angle that a difference in...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Discuss the two ways in which mindfulness is usually taught.
One of the most common ways mindfulness—defined as concentrating one's attention to one's physical and emotional experiences at the present moment—is taught youth and adults alike is through...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Can someone give me a good fun fact about the science of psychology? can you give me a fact that has to do with...
Here's one! The Rorschach Inkblot Test was developed/based on a common parlour game called "Blotto" or Klecksographie (German for 'blot and blot game). People would gather in someone's home parlor...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What perspective in psychology, either historical or current, makes the least sense to you? and why?
Given the scope of such a question, I imagine answers could be across the board, so I will try to narrow mine to a field of psychology with which I believe I have immediate personal and...
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
What does it mean if you dream of one person over and over even though the dream is different every time? The dream...
I really think this question means that this person is important to you, and you may see her in many different roles or places in your life. To be your mother according to the dream may simply be...
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