This depends in large part on what you mean by "modern era."  In today's world, nationalism is more significant because the other three have largely been discredited and are no longer major factors in world politics.

Imperialism and militarism have been discredited largely because of things like the world wars and advances (we can hope) in overall morality.  In past times, there was much more of a feeling that it was appropriate to say that "might makes right."  Today, that is an idea that is not well accepted in the world.  We have progressed to the point where we realize that wars are terrible things and that taking control of other countries simply because we can is immoral.

Socialism has also largely been discredited.  It clearly did not work for the communist countries during the Cold War.  China has pretty much given up on socialism and has prospered while countries that have held on, like Cuba and North Korea, have suffered.

That leaves only nationalism, which seems to be a potent and lasting force in world affairs.