The polynomial given is f(x) = x^20 - x^19 + 3x^18 - 2x^17 - x^16 + 3x^15 + x^14 + 2x^10 - x^9 + x^6 - 8x^4 + x^3 - 1
f(x) = +x^20 - x^19 + 3x^18 - 2x^17 - x^16 + 3x^15 + x^14 + 2x^10 - x^9 + x^6 - 8x^4 + x^3 - 1
The sign changes are: +-, -+, +-, --, -+, ++, ++, +-, -+, +-, -+, +-
Using Descartes' rule of signs as there are 9 sign changes , there can be a maximum of 9 positive real roots.
f(-x) = +x^20 + x^19 + 3x^18 + 2x^17 + x^16 - 3x^15 + x^14 + 2x^10 - x^9 + x+6 - 8x^4 - x^3 - 1
Here, the sign changes are: ++, ++, ++, ++, +-, -+, ++, +-, -+, +-, --, --
As there are 5 sign changes, there can be a maximum of 5 negative real roots.
The given polynomial can have a maximum 9 positive real roots and 5 negative real roots.
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