| Location |
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan
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| Geographic coordinates |
32 00 N, 53 00 E
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| Map references |
Middle East
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| Area |
total: 1.648 million sq km
land: 1.636 million sq km
water: 12,000 sq km
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| Area - comparative |
slightly larger than Alaska
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| Land boundaries |
total: 5,440 km
border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km
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| Coastline |
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
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| Maritime claims |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulf
continental shelf: natural prolongation
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| Climate |
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
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| Terrain |
rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts
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| Elevation extremes |
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m
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| Natural resources |
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
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| Land use |
arable land: 9.78%
permanent crops: 1.29%
other: 88.93% (2005)
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| Irrigated land |
76,500 sq km (2003)
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| Total renewable water resources |
137.5 cu km (1997)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 72.88 cu km/yr (7%/2%/91%)
per capita: 1,048 cu m/yr (2000)
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| Natural hazards |
periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes
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| Environment - current issues |
air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization
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| Environment - international agreements |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
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| Geography - note |
strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport
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| Population |
65,397,521 (July 2007 est.)
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| Age structure |
0-14 years: 23.2% (male 7,783,794/female 7,385,721)
15-64 years: 71.4% (male 23,636,883/female 23,088,934)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 1,701,727/female 1,800,462) (2007 est.)
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| Median age |
total: 25.8 years
male: 25.6 years
female: 26 years (2007 est.)
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| Population growth rate |
0.663% (2007 est.)
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| Birth rate |
16.57 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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| Death rate |
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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| Net migration rate |
-4.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
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| Sex ratio |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.054 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.024 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.945 male(s)/female
total population: 1.026 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
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| Infant mortality rate |
total: 38.12 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 38.29 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
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| Life expectancy at birth |
total population: 70.56 years
male: 69.12 years
female: 72.07 years (2007 est.)
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| Total fertility rate |
1.71 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
66,000 (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,600 (2005 est.)
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| Major infectious diseases |
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)
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| Nationality |
noun: Iranian(s)
adjective: Iranian
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| Ethnic groups |
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
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| Religions |
Muslim 98% (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 9%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i) 2%
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| Languages |
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
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| Literacy |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 77%
male: 83.5%
female: 70.4% (2002 est.)
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| Country name |
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
conventional short form: Iran
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
local short form: Iran
former: Persia
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| Government type |
theocratic republic
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| Capital |
name: Tehran
geographic coordinates: 35 40 N, 51 25 E
time difference: UTC+3.5 (8.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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| Administrative divisions |
30 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Janubi, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khorasan-e Shemali, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan
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| Independence |
1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)
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| National holiday |
Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
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| Constitution |
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
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| Legal system |
based on Sharia law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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| Suffrage |
16 years of age; universal
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| Executive branch |
chief of state: Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)
head of government: President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD (since 3 August 2005); First Vice President Parviz DAVUDI (since 11 September 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over appointments to the more sensitive ministries
note: also considered part of the Executive branch of government are three oversight bodies: 1) Assembly of Experts (Majles-Khebregan), a popularly elected body of 86 religious scholars constitutionally charged with determining the succession of the Supreme Leader (based on his qualifications in the field of jurisprudence and commitment to the principles of the revolution), reviewing his performance, and deposing him if deemed necessary; 2) Expediency Council or the Council for the Discernment of Expediency (Majma-e-Tashkise-Maslahat-e-Nezam), is a policy advisory and implementation board consisting of over 40 permanent members representing all major government factions and includes the heads of the three branches of government, and the clerical members of the Council of Guardians (see next); permanent members are appointed by the Supreme Leader for five-year terms; temporary members, including Cabinet members and Majles committee chairmen, are selected when issues under their jurisdiction come before the Expediency Council; the Expediency Council exerts supervisory authority over the executive, judicial, and legislative branches and resolves legislative issues on which the Majles and the Council of Guardians disagree and since 1989 has been used to advise national religious leaders on matters of national policy; in 2005 the Council's powers were expanded, at least on paper, to act as a supervisory body for the government; 3) Council of Guardians of the Constitution or Council of Guardians or Guardians Council (Shora-ye Negaban-e Qanun-e Assassi) is a 12-member board made up of six clerics chosen by the Supreme Leader and six jurists recommended by the judiciary (which is controlled by the Supreme Leader) and approved by the Majles from a list of candidates recommended by the judiciary (which in turn is controlled by the Supreme Leader) for six-year terms; this Council determines whether proposed legislation is both constitutional and faithful to Islamic law, vets candidates for suitability, and supervises national elections
elections: Supreme Leader appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts; Assembly of Experts elected by popular vote for an eight-year term; last election held 15 December 2006 concurrently with municipal elections; Hojjat ol-Eslam Ali Akbar RAFSANJANI was elected Speaker in September 2007, following the July death of former Speaker Ayatollah Ali Akbar Meshkini-Qomi; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term and third nonconsecutive term); last held 17 June 2005 with a two-candidate runoff on 24 June 2005 (next presidential election slated for 2009)
election results: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD elected president; percent of vote - Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD 62%, Ali Akbar Hashemi-RAFSANJANI 36%
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| Legislative branch |
unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami or Majles (290 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 February 2004 with a runoff held 7 May 2004 (next to be held in March 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party - conservatives/Islamists 190, reformers 50, independents 45, religious minorities 5
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| Judicial branch |
The Supreme Court (Qeveh Qazaieh) and the four-member High Council of the Judiciary have a single head and overlapping responsibilities; together they supervise the enforcement of all laws and establish judicial and legal policies; lower courts include a special clerical court, a revolutionary court, and a special administrative court
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| Political parties and leaders |
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political pressure groups rather than parties, and often political parties or coalitions are formed prior to elections and disbanded soon thereafter; a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad Front, which includes political parties as well as less formal groups and organizations, achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000; groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF), Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity Party, Islamic Labor Party, Mardom Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO), and Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles elections in early 2004; following his defeat in the 2005 presidential elections, former MCS Secretary General and sixth Majles Speaker Mehdi KARUBI formed the National Trust Party; a new conservative group, Islamic Iran Developers Coalition (Abadgaran), took a leading position in the new Majles after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004; following the 2004 Majles elections, traditional and hardline conservatives have attempted to close ranks under the United Front of Principlists; the IIPF has repeatedly complained that the overwhelming majority of its candidates have been unfairly disqualified from the 2008 elections
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| Political pressure groups and leaders |
the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) was Iran's sole political party until its dissolution in 1987; Iran now has a variety of groups engaged in political activity; some are oriented along political lines or based on an identity group; others are more akin to professional political parties seeking members and recommending candidates for office; some are active participants in the Revolution's political life while others reject the state; political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political activities; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader, Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh), Islamic Engineers Society, and Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat); active pro-reform student groups include the Office of Strengthening Unity (OSU); opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, Baluchistan People's Party (BPP), and various ethnic and Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been repressed by the government include Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI), Komala, Mujahidin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO), People's Fedayeen, Jundallah, and the People's Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK)
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| International organization participation |
ABEDA, CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, SAARC, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073
Diplomatic representation from the US:
none; note - the American Interests Section is located in the Swiss Embassy compound at Africa Avenue, West Farzan Street, number 59, Tehran, Iran; telephone 021 8878 2964 or 021 8879 2364; FAX 021 8877 3265
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| Flag description |
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band
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| Economy - overview |
Iran's economy is marked by an inefficient state sector, reliance on the oil sector (which provides 85% of government revenues), and statist policies that create major distortions throughout. Most economic activity is controlled by the state. Private sector activity is typically small-scale workshops, farming, and services. President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD failed to make any notable progress in fulfilling the goals of the nation's latest five-year plan. A combination of price controls and subsidies, particularly on food and energy, continue to weigh down the economy, and administrative controls, widespread corruption, and other rigidities undermine the potential for private-sector-led growth. As a result of these inefficiencies, significant informal market activity flourishes and shortages are common. High oil prices in recent years have enabled Iran to amass nearly $70 billion in foreign exchange reserves. Yet this increased revenue has not eased economic hardships, which include double-digit unemployment and inflation. The economy has seen only moderate growth. Iran's educated population, economic inefficiency and insufficient investment - both foreign and domestic - have prompted an increasing number of Iranians to seek employment overseas, resulting in significant "brain drain."
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$852.6 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$278.1 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
4.3% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$12,300 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 11%
industry: 45.3%
services: 43.7% (2007 est.)
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| Labor force |
28.7 million
note: shortage of skilled labor (2006 est.)
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| Labor force - by occupation |
agriculture: 25%
industry: 31%
services: 45% (June 2007)
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| Unemployment rate |
11% according to the Iranian government (June 2007)
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| Population below poverty line |
18% (2007 est.)
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| Household income or consumption by percentage share |
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 33.7% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
43 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
17% (July 2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
17% of GDP (2007 est.)
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| Budget |
revenues: $64 billion
expenditures: $64 billion (2007 est.)
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| Public debt |
23.2% of GDP (2007 est.)
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| Agriculture - products |
wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, sugar cane, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy products, wool; caviar
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| Industries |
petroleum, petrochemicals, fertilizers, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and non-ferrous metal fabrication, armaments
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| Industrial production growth rate |
4.8% excluding oil (2007 est.)
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| Electricity - production |
170.4 billion kWh (2005)
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| Electricity - consumption |
136.2 billion kWh (2005)
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| Electricity - exports |
2.761 billion kWh (2005)
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| Electricity - imports |
2.074 billion kWh (2005)
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| Oil - production |
4.15 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
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| Oil - consumption |
1.63 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
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| Oil - exports |
2.52 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
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| Oil - imports |
153,600 bbl/day (2004)
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| Oil - proved reserves |
132.5 billion bbl based on Iranian claims (1 January 2006 est.)
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| Natural gas - production |
101 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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| Natural gas - consumption |
98.19 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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| Natural gas - exports |
4.33 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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| Natural gas - imports |
5.8 billion cu m (2005)
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| Natural gas - proved reserves |
26.37 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
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| Current account balance |
$19 billion (2007 est.)
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| Exports |
$76.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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| Exports - commodities |
petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and nuts, carpets
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| Exports - partners |
Japan 14%, China 12.8%, Turkey 7.2%, Italy 6.3%, South Korea 6%, Netherlands 4.6% (2006)
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| Imports |
$61.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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| Imports - commodities |
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services
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| Imports - partners |
Germany 12.2%, China 10.5%, UAE 9.3%, France 5.6%, Italy 5.4%, South Korea 5.4%, Russia 4.4% (2006)
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| Economic aid - recipient |
$104 million (2005 est.)
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| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold |
$69.2 billion (2007 est.)
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| Debt - external |
$13.8 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home |
$4.345 billion (2006 est.)
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| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad |
$138 million (2006 est.)
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| Market value of publicly traded shares |
$45.2 billion (December 2007)
Currency (code):
Iranian rial (IRR)
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| Exchange rates |
rials per US dollar - 9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002
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| Fiscal year |
21 March - 20 March
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| Airports |
331 (2007)
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| Airports - with paved runways |
total: 129
over 3,047 m: 40
2,438 to 3,047 m: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 24
914 to 1,523 m: 32
under 914 m: 5 (2007)
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| Airports - with unpaved runways |
total: 202
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 145
under 914 m: 46 (2007)
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| Heliports |
14 (2007)
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| Pipelines |
condensate 7 km; condensate/gas 397 km; gas 19,161 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km; oil 8,438 km; refined products 7,936 km (2007)
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| Railways |
total: 8,367 km
broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge
standard gauge: 8,273 km 1.435-m gauge (146 km electrified) (2006)
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| Roadways |
total: 179,388 km
paved: 120,782 km (includes 878 km of expressways)
unpaved: 58,606 km (2003)
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| Waterways |
850 km (on Karun River; additional service on Lake Urmia) (2006)
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| Merchant marine |
total: 131 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,721,202 GRT/8,309,580 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 35, cargo 45, chemical tanker 4, container 9, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 29, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 1 (UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 33 (Bolivia 1, Cyprus 2, Malta 24, Panama 4, St Kitts and Nevis 1, St Vincent and The Grenadines 1) (2007)
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| Ports and terminals |
Assaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bandar-e-Eman Khomeyni
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