Saroyan, William - Copyright Page

ISSN 0276-8178

Volume 137

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism

Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, and Other Creative Writers Who Lived between 1900 and 1999, from the First Published Critical Appraisals to Current Evaluations

Janet Witalec Project Editor
Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 137
Project Editor

Janet Witalec

Editorial

Jenny Cromie, Scott Darga, Kathy D. Darrow, Julie Keppen, Allison Marion, Linda Pavlovski

Research

Michelle Campbell, Tracie A. Richardson

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ISBN 0-7876-7036-7
ISSN 0276-8178

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Acknowledgments

The editors wish to thank the copyright holders of the criticism included in this volume and the permissions managers of many book and magazine publishing companies for assisting us in securing reproduction rights. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Detroit Public Library, the Library of Congress, the University of Detroit Mercy Library, Wayne State University Purdy/Kresge Library Complex, and the University of Michigan Libraries for making their resources available to us. Following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted us permission to reproduce material in this volume of TCLC. Every effort has been made to trace copyright, but if omissions have been made, please let us know.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL IN TCLC, VOLUME 137, WAS REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS:

American Drama, v. 9, Spring 2000. Reproduced by permission.—American Literature, v. 55, December 1983. Copyright © 1983 by Duke University Press, Durham, NC. Reproduced by permission.—Ariel: A Review of International English Literature, v. 12, October 1981 for “Return to ‘Heart of Darkness’: Echoes of Conrad in Marion Engel’s ‘Bear,’” by S. A. Cowan; v. 17, October 1986 for “Marian Engel’s ‘Bear’: Pastoral, Porn and Myth,” by Coral Ann Howells. Copyright © 1981, 1986 The Board of Governors, The University of Calgary. Both reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—Canadian Literature, Spring 1982 for “Marian Engle’s ‘Bear,’” by Donald S. Hair. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Journal of Canadian Fiction, 1977-78. Reproduced by permission from Journal of Canadian Fiction, 2050 Mackay St., Montreal, Quebec H3G 2J1, Canada.—Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies, v. 6, 1992-93; v. 7, 1994. Both reproduced by permission.—Kansas Quarterly, v. 16, Summer 1984. © copyright 1984 by the Kansas Quarterly. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States. v. 9, Winter 1982; v. 13 Spring-Summer 1986. Reproduced by permission.—Mythlore, v. 6, Spring 1979 for “‘The Lord of the Rings’ as Saga,” by Gloriana St. Clair; v. 14, Summer 1988 for “Apocalyptic Vision in ‘The Lord of the Rings,’” by J. R. Wytenbroek; v. 16, Summer 1990 for “Tolkien’s ‘New’ Mythology,” by William Edwin Bettridge; v. 17, Summer 1991 for “The Many Faces of the Hero in ‘The Lord of the Rings,’” by Stephen Potts; v. 18, Autumn 1991 for “Above All Shadow Rides the Sun: Gollum as Hero,” by Elizabeth Arthur. All reproduced by permission of the authors.—Poetics Today, v. 6, 1985. Copyright © 1985 by Duke University Press, Durham, NC. Reproduced by permission.—Touchstone, v. 15, January-February 2002. Reproduced by permission.—University of Windsor Review, v. 15, 1979-80; v. 16, Spring-Summer 1982. © The University of Windsor Review. Both reproduced by permission.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL IN TCLC, VOLUME 136, WAS REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING BOOKS:

Balakian, Nona. From The World of William Saroyan. Bucknell University Press, 1998. Copyright © 1998 by Associated University Presses, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Bradley, Marion Zimmer. From Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings.” Edited by Neil D. Isaac and Rose A. Zimbardo. University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Copyright © 1968 by University of Notre Dame Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Chance, Jane. From “The Lord of the Rings”: The Mythology of Power. University Press of Kentucky, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by University Press of Kentucky. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Chance, Jane. From Tolkien’s Art: A Mythology for England. University Press of Kentucky, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by University Press of Kentucky. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.— Cohen, Milton A. From Poet and Painter: The Aesthetics of

E. E. Cummings’ Early Work. Wayne State University Press, 1987. Copyright © 1987 by Wayne State University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—Doherty, Brian. From American Poetry: The Modernist Ideal. Edited by Clive Bloom and Brian Docherty. Macmillan,1995. Copyright © 1995 by The Editorial Board, Lumiere (Cooperative Press) Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Palgrave Macmillan.— Friedman, Norman. From (Re)Valuing Cummings: Further Essays on the Poet, 1962-1993. University Press of Florida, 1996. Copyright © 1996 by the Board of Regents of the State of Florida. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of University Press of Florida.—Haslam, Gerald. From San Francisco in Fiction: Essays in a Regional Literature. Edited by David Fine and Paul Skenazy. University of New Mexico Press, 1995. Copyright © 1995 by University of New Mexico Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Haslam, Gerald W. From A Literary History of the American West.

Texas Christian University Press, 1987. Copyright © 1987 by The Western Literature Association. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Howells, Coral Ann. From Narrative Strategies in Canadian Literature: Feminism and Postcolonialism. Edited by Coral Ann Howells and Lynette Hunter. Open University Press, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by The Editors and Contributors. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Keenan, Hugh T. From Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings.” Edited by Neil D. Isaacs and Rose A. Zimbardo. University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Copyright © 1968 by University of Notre Dame Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Kennedy, Richard S. From E. E. Cummings Revisited. Twayne Publishers, 1994. Copyright © 1994 by Richard S. Kennedy. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the Gale Group.—Kouymijan, Dickran. From Warsaw Visitor Tales from the Vienna Streets: The Last Two Plays of William Saroyan. Edited by Dickran Kouymjian. California State University Press, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by California State University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Lobdell, Jared. From England and Always: Tolkien’s World of the Rings. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1981. Copyright © 1981 by William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Mullen, Patrick B. From Critical Essays on E. E. Cummings. Edited by Guy Rotella. G. K. Hall and Company, 1984. Copyright © 1984 by Professor Guy Rotella. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the Gale Group.—Nelson, Charles W. From J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-Earth. Edited by George Clark and Daniel Timmons. Greenwood Press, 2000. Copyright © 2000 by George Clark and Daniel Timmons. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, CT.—Ready, William. From The Tolkien Relation: A Personal Inquiry. Henry Regnery Company, 1968. Copyright © 1968 by Henry Regnery Company. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Reilly, R. J. From Tolkien and the Critics: Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings.” Edited by Neil D. Isaacs and Rose A. Zimbardo. University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. Copyright © 1968 by University of Notre Dame Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Saroyan, William, and Greg Basmadjian. From William Saroyan: The Man and the Writer Remembered. Edited by Leo Hamalian. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1987. Copyright © 1987 by Associated University Presses, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Shippey, T. A. From J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by T. A. Shippey. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company.— Verduyn, Christl. From Essays on Life Writing: From Genre to Critical Practice. Edited by Marlene Kadar. University of Toronto Press, 1992. Copyright © 1992 by University of Toronto Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.— Verduyn, Christl. From Lifelines: Marian Engel’s Writings. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995. Copyright © 1995 by McGill-Queen’s University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Verduyn, Christl. From Working in Women’s Archives: Researching Women’s Private Literature and Archival Documents. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by the authors. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Webster, Michael. From Reading Visual Poetry after Futurism: Marinetti, Apollinaire, Schwitters, Cummings. Peter Lang, 1995. Copyright © 1995 by Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.

PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN TCLC, VOLUME 137, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

Astin, Sean, Elijah Wood, Dominic Monaghan, and Billy Boyd, in the 2001 film of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, based on the book by J. R. R. Tolkien, directed by Peter Jackson, photograph. The Kobal Collection/New Line/ Sau. Reproduced by permission.—Cummings, E. E., photograph. The Library of Congress.—Map depicting “Middle Earth” from the 2001 film of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, based on the book by J. R. R. Tolkien, directed by Peter Jackson, photograph. The Kobal Collection/New Line/Saul Zaentz/Wing Nut/Pierre Vinet. Reproduced by permission.—McKellen, Ian, as Gandalf the White, wearing wizard hat, scene from the film version of J. R. R. Tolkien’s novel The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, directed by Peter Jackson, photograph. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—Saroyan, William, photograph. © Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.—Tolkien, J. R. R., photograph. The Library of Congress.

Literary Criticism Series Advisory Board

The members of the Gale Group Literary Criticism Series Advisory Board—reference librarians and subject specialists from public, academic, and school library systems—represent a cross-section of our customer base and offer a variety of informed perspectives on both the presentation and content of our literature criticism products. Advisory board members assess and define such quality issues as the relevance, currency, and usefulness of the author coverage, critical content, and literary topics included in our series; evaluate the layout, presentation, and general quality of our printed volumes; provide feedback on the criteria used for selecting authors and topics covered in our series; provide suggestions for potential enhancements to our series; identify any gaps in our coverage of authors or literary topics, recommending authors or topics for inclusion; analyze the appropriateness of our content and presentation for various user audiences, such as high school students, undergraduates, graduate students, librarians, and educators; and offer feedback on any proposed changes/ enhancements to our series. We wish to thank the following advisors for their advice throughout the year.

Dr. Toby Burrows Mary Jane Marden

Principal Librarian Literature and General Reference Librarian The Scholars’ Centre St. Petersburg Jr. College University of Western Australia Library

Mark Schumacher David M. Durant

Jackson Library Reference Librarian, Joyner Library

East Carolina University University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Steven R. Harris Gwen Scott-Miller

English Literature Librarian Fiction Department Manager University of Tennessee Seattle Public Library