Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism

Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, and Other Creative Writers Who Lived between 1900 and 1999, from the First Published Critical Appraisals to Current Evaluations

Jennifer Baise, Linda Pavlovski Editors

Thomas Ligotti Associate Editor

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 76-46132
ISBN 0-7876-4561-3
ISSN 0276-8178
Printed in the United States of America

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Acknowledgments

The editors wish to thank the copyright holders of the excerpted criticism included in this volume and the permissions managers of many book and magazine publishing companies for assisting us in securing reproduction rights. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Detroit Public Library, the Library of Congress, the University of Detroit Mercy Library, Wayne State University Purdy/Kresge Library Complex, and the University of Michigan Libraries for making their resources available to us. Following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted us permission to reproduce material in this volume of TCLC. Every effort has been made to trace copyright, but if omissions have been made, please let us know.

COPYRIGHTED EXCERPTS IN TCLC, VOLUME 101, WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS:

ATQ, v.12, December, 1998. Reproduced by permission.—Commentary, v. 90, December, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by the American Jewish Committee; all rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—Criticism, v. XIII, Winter, 1971. Copyright © 1970, Wayne State University Press. Reproduced by permission.—Dalhousie Review, v. 71, Winter 1991/92. Reproduced by permission of publisher and the author.—FOLIO: THE MAGAZINE FOR MAGA-ZINE MANAGEMENT, v. 20, March 1, 1991. Reproduced by permission.—Journal of Popular Culture, v. IX, Spring, 1976. Reproduced by permission.— Literature and Psychology, v. XXI, 1971. Copyright © by Editor 1971. Reproduced by permission.—The Massachusetts Review, v. XXXIX, Summer, 1998. Copyright © 1998. Reproduced from The Massachusetts Review, The Massachusetts Review, Inc. by permission.—Modern Fiction Studies, v.38, Spring, 1992. Copyright © by Purdue Research Foundation. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—The New England Quarterly, v. LVII, March, 1984. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—New Literary History, v. 26, Autumn, 1995. Copyright © 1993 by Twayne Publishers. Reproduced by permission.—Novel A Forum on Fiction, v. 26, Winter, 1993. Copyright NOVEL Corp. © 1993. Reproduced by permission.—Parnassus: Poetry in Review, v. 17 & 18, 1993. Copyright © 1993 by Poetry in Review Foundation. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Philological Quarterly, v. 75, Winter, 1996. Reproduced by permission.—Studies in the Novel, v. XIII, Winter, 1981; v. XVI, Winter, 1984. Copyright 1981, 1984 by North Texas State University. Reproduced by permission.—Style, v. 23, Spring 1989. Copyright © Style, 1989. Reproduced by permission.—Twentieth Century Literature, v. 23, October, 1977; v. 31, Winter, 1985. Copyright 1977, 1985, Hofstra University Press. Both reproduced by permission.

COPYRIGHTED EXCERPTS IN TCLC, VOLUME 101, WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING BOOKS:

Algren, Nelson. In an introduction to Erik Dorn by Ben Hecht. The University of Chicago Press, 1963. Introduction copyright © by The University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Anderson, Wallace L. From “The Young Robinson as Critic and Self-Critic,” in Edwin Arlington Robinson Centenary Essays. Edited by Elsworth Barnard. University of Georgia Press, 1969. Copyright © 1969 by the University of Georgia Press. Reproduced by permission.—Cambon, Glauco. From “Edwin Arlington Robinson: Knights of the Grail,” in The Inclusive Flame: Studies in American Poetry. Indiana University Press, 1963. Copyright © 1963 by Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Cowley, Malcolm. From “Edwin Arlington Robinson: Defeat and Triumph,” in New England Writers and Writing. Edited by Donald W. Faulkner. Copyright © 1996 by University Press of New England and the Estate of Malcolm Cowley. Reprinted by permissions of University Press of New England.—Freidman, Norman. From “The Waters of Annihilation: Symbols and Double Vision in ‘To The Lighthouse’,” in Form and Meaning in Fiction. The University of Georgia Press, 1975. Copyright © 1975 by The University of Georgia Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Gregor, Ian. From “ ‘Spaces: To The Lighthouse’,” in The Author in His Work: Essays on a Problem in Criticism. Edited by Louis L. Martz and Aubrey Williams. Yale University Press, 1978. Copyright © 1978 by Yale University. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Hall, Donald. From an introduction in The Essential Robinson. The Ecco Press, 1994. Introduction and selection copyright © 1994 by Donald Hall. Reproduced by permission.—Hardy, John Edward. From “Vision Without Promise,” in Man in the Modern Novel. University of Washington Press, 1964. Copyright © 1964 by the University of Washington Press. Reproduced by permission.—Howe, Irving. From “A Grave and Solitary Voice: An Appreciation of Edwin Arlington Robinson,” in Irving Howe: Selected Writings 1950-1990. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by Irving Howe. Reproduced by permission of the publisher.—Justice,

Donald. From an afterword in The Torrent and The Night Before: A Facsimile Edition After 100 Years of his First Book, by Edwin Arlington Robinson. Tilbury House, Publishers, 1996. Edition copyright © 1996 by Tilbury House, Publishers. Afterword copyright © 1996 by Donald Justice. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Donald Justice.—Lewis,

R.W.B. From “E.A. Robinson, A Voice Out of the Darkness,” in American Literature: The Makers and the Making, Volume 2. Edited by Cleanth Brooks, R.W.B. Lewis, and Robert Penn Warren. Copyright © 1973 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, Inc. From: American Literature: The Makers and the Making by Brooks, Lewis, and Warren. Reprinted with permission of Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, Inc.—Lucas, John. From “The Poetry of Edwin Arlington Robinson,” in Moderns & Contemporaries: Novelists, Poets, Critics. The Harvester Press, 1985. Copyright © John Lucas, 1985. Reproduced by permission.—Martin, Jeffrey Brown. From Ben Hecht, Hollywood Screenwriter. UMI Research Press, 1985. Copyright © 1985, 1978 Jeffrey Brown Martin. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of the author.—Pack, Robert, “Laughter at the Abyss: Hardy and Robinson” in The Long View: Essays on the Discipline of Hope and Poetic Craft. The University of Massachusetts Press, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by The University of Massachusettes Press. All rights Reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Parry, Albert. “The Dill Pickle and the End of Chicago,” in Garrets and Pretenders: A History of Bohemianism in America. Covici-Friede Publishers, 1933. Copyright © 1933 by Covici-Friede, Inc. Reproduced by permission of Random House, Inc.—Seltzer, Alvin J. From “The Tension of Stalemate,” in Chaos in the Novel/The Novel in Chaos. Schocken Books, 1974. Copyright © 1974 by Schocken Books, Inc. Reproduced by permission of Random House, Inc.—Shi, David. From The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture. Oxford University Press, 1984 Copyright © 1985 by David Shi. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.—Steinberg, Salme Harju. From Reformer in the Marketplace: Edward W. Bok and The Ladies Home Journal. Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Copyright © 1979 by Louisiana State University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Louisiana State University Press.

PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN TCLC, VOLUME 101 WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

Hecht, Ben, photograph. The Library of Congress.—Robinson, Edwin Arlington, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Woolf, Virginia (left hand cupping face, wearing fur), photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.

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