Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism

Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, and Other Creative Writers Who Lived between 1900 and 1999, from the First Published Critical Appraisals to Current Evaluations

Linda Pavlovski Editor

Scott Darga Assistant Editor

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 76-46132
ISBN 0-7876-4567-2
ISSN 0276-8178
Printed in the United States of America

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Acknowledgments

The editors wish to thank the copyright holders of the excerpted criticism included in this volume and the permissions managers of many book and magazine publishing companies for assisting us in securing reproduction rights. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Detroit Public Library, the Library of Congress, the University of Detroit Mercy Library, Wayne State University Purdy/Kresge Library Complex, and the University of Michigan Libraries for making their resources available to us. Following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted us permission to reproduce material in this volume of TCLC. Every effort has been made to trace copyright, but if omissions have been made, please let us know.

COPYRIGHTED EXCERPTS IN TCLC, VOLUME 107 WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS:

—The American Poetry Review, v. 14, July-August, 1985. Copyright © 1985 by World Poetry, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—American Psychologist, v. 23, 1968; v. 53, October, 1998. Copyright © 1968, 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—The Centennial Review, v. XXXVII, Spring, 1993. Copyright © The Centennial Review, 1993. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Contemporary Literature, v. X, Spring, 1969; v. XXII, Winter, 1981. Copyright © 1969, 1981 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Reproduced by permission.—Great Plains Quarterly, v. 8, Winter, 1988. Copyright 1988 by the Center for Great Plains Studies. Reproduced by permission.—The Grosseteste Review, v. 6, 1973. © Donald Davie.—The Hudson Review,

v. XV, Winter, 1962-63. Copyright © 1963 by The Hudson Review, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Journal of American Culture, v. 14, Summer, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by Ray B. Browne. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.— Journal of American Studies, v. 31, August, 1997. © Cambridge University Press 1997. Reproduced by permission.—The Massachusetts Review, v. VI, Autumn-Winter, 1964-65. Copyright, 1964, by The Massachusetts Review, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—The Midwest Quarterly, v. XXII, Summer, 1981. © Copyright 1981 by The Midwest Quarterly, Pittsburg State Univeristy. Reproduced by permission.—Modern Fiction Studies, v. 36, Spring, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by the Purdue Research Foundation. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—The Modern Language Review, v. 40, July, 1945. Reproduced by permission.—The Nation, New York, v. 209, November 24, 1969. Copyright 1969 by the Nation Associates, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—The New York Times, November 9, 1958; November 24, 1991. Copyright 1958, renewed 1986, 1991, by The New York Times Company. Reproduced by permission.—Paideuma, v. 7, Winter, 1978; v. 10, Spring, 1981. Copyright © 1977, 1981 by the National Poetry Foundation, Inc. Reproduced by permission of the authors.— The Paris Review, v. 33, Fall, 1991. Reproduced by permission of Russell & Volkening as agents for The Paris Review. Copyright © 1991 by The Paris Review.—Perspectives USA, no. 1, Fall, 1952. Reproduced by permission of the author.— Poetry, v. XLIV, July, 1934. Copyright, 1934, by Harriet Monroe. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Prairie Schooner, v. 53, Summer, 1979. Copyright © 1979 University of Nebraska Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Raritan, v. 14, Fall, 1994. Copyright © 1994 by Raritan. Reproduced by permission.—Sagetrieb, v. 12, Winter, 1993. Copyright © 1993 by The National Poetry Foundation. Reproduced by permission of the authors.—Saturday Review of Literature, v. X, March 24, 1934. Reproduced by permission.—The Sewanee Review, v. LXV, 1957. Reproduced by permission of the editor.—South Dakota Review, v. 20, Autumn, 1982. Reproduced by permission.—Studies in Philology,

v. XVIII, Spring, 1986. © 1986 by North Texas State University. Reproduced by permission.—The Times Literary Supplement, n. 2737, July 16, 1954; n. 2794, September 16, 1955; n. 2896, August 30, 1957. Reproduced by permission.—The Yale Journal of Criticism, v. 9, Spring, 1996. © 1996 by Yale University and The Johns Hopkins University Press. Reproduced by permission.—Western American Literature, v. XXIII, Summer, 1988; v. XXV, Spring, 1990; v. XXXI, Winter, 1997; v. XXXIII, Spring, 1998. Copyright ©1998, 1990, 1997, 1998, by the Western Literature Association. Reproduced by permission.

COPYRIGHTED EXCERPTS IN TCLC, VOLUME 107, WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING BOOKS:

Aldridge, John W. From an interview in Conversations with Wright Morris: Critical Views and Responses. Edited by Robert E. Knoll. University of Nebraska Press, 1977. Copyright © 1977 by the University of Nebraska Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Cassidy, John D. From Robert W. Buchanan. Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1973. Copy

right © 1973 by Twayne Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Reprinted from Joseph M. Conte. Unending Design: The Forms of Postmodern Poetry. Cornell University Press, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by Cornell University. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission. Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press.—Davidson, Michael. From Ghostlier Demarcations: Modern Poetry and the Material Word. University of California Press, 1997. © 1997 by The Regents of the University of California. Reproduced by permission.—Fairchild, Hoxie Neale. From Religious Trends in English Poetry, Vol. IV: 1830-1880, Christianity and Romanticism in the Victorian Era. Columbia University Press, 1957. Reproduced by permission.—Fairchild, Hoxie Neale. From Religious Trends in English Poetry, Vol. V: 1880-1920, Gods of a Changing Poetry. Columbia University Press, 1962. Copyright © 1962 Columbia University Press. Reproduced by permission.—Finkelstein, Norman. From “In the Realm of the Naked Eye: The Poetry of Paul Auster,” in Beyond the Red Notebook: Essays on Paul Auster. Edited by Dennis Barone. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. Copyright © 1995 by the University of Pennsylvania Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.— Fredman, Stephen. From “‘And All Now Is War’: George Oppen, Charles Olson, and the Problem of Literary Generations,” in The Objectivist Nexus: Essays in Cultural Poetics. Edited by Rachel Blau DePlessis and Peter Quartermain. University of Alabama Press, 1999. Copyright © 1999 The University of Alabama Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Grump, G. B. From The Novels of Wright Morris: A Critical Interpretation. University of Nebraska Press, 1978. Copyright © 1978 by the University of Nebraska Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Heller, Michael. From Conviction’s Net of Branches: Essays on the Objectivist Poets and Poetry. Southern Illinois University Press, 1985. Copyright © 1985 by the Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.— Joncich, Geraldine. From The Sane Positivist: A Biography of Edward L. Thorndike. Wesleyan University Press, 1968. Copyright © 1968 by Wesleyan University. Reproduced by permission.—Karier, Clarence J. From Scientists of the Mind: Intellectual Founders of Modern Psychology. University of Illinois Press, 1986. © 1986 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Reproduced by permission.—Kenner, Hugh. From “Oppen, Zukofsky, and the Poem as Lens,” in Literature at the Barricades: The American Writer in the 1930s. Edited by Ralph F. Bogardus and Fred Hobson. University of Alabama Press, 1982. Copyright © 1982 by The University of Alabama Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Merton, Thomas. From Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander. Doubleday, 1965. Copyright © 1965, 1966 by The Abbey of Gethsemani. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Oppen, Mary. “France” and “New York City” in Meaning of Life: An Autobiography. Black Sparrow Press, 1978. Copyright © 1978 by Mary Oppen. Reprinted from Meaning a Life: An Autobiography with the permission of Black Sparrow Press.—Perloff, Marjorie. From Radical Artiﬁce: Writing Poetry in the Age of Media. The University of Chicago Press, 1991. © 1991 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Pound, Ezra. From a preface to Discrete Series. By George Oppen. The Objectivist Press, 1934. Reproduced by permission of The Ezra Pound Literary Property Trust.—Spanos, William V. From “The Christian Tradition” in Modern British Verse Drama: The Poetics of Sacramental Time. Rutgers University Press, 1967. Copyright © 1967 by Rutgers, The State University. Reproduced by permission.—Wydeven, Joseph J. From Wright Morris Revisited. Twayne Publishers, 1998. Copyright © 1998 by Twayne Publishers. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.

PHOTOGRAPHS APPEARING IN TCLC, VOLUME 107, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

Thorndike, Edward L., photograph. The Library of Congress.