The Influence of Ernest Hemingway - Copyright Page

ISSN 0276-8178

Volume 162

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism

Criticism of the Works of Various Topics in Twentieth-Century Literature, including Literary, and Critical Movements, Prominent Themes and Genres, Anniversary Celebrations, and Surveys of National Literatures

Thomas J. Schoenberg Lawrence J. Trudeau

Project Editors

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 162
Project Editor

Thomas J. Schoenberg and Lawrence J. Trudeau

Editorial

Jessica Bomarito, Kathy D. Darrow, Jeffrey W. Hunter, Jelena O. Krstovi´c, Michelle Lee, Russel Whitaker

Data Capture

Francis Monroe, Gwen Tucker

© 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license.

For more information, contact

Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our internet site at http://www.gale.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.

Rights and Acquisitions

Lori Hines, Margaret Chamberlain, Sue Rudolph

Imaging and Multimedia

Dean Dauphinais, Robert Duncan, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary Grimes, Lezlie Light, Michael Logusz, Dan Newell, Kelly A. Quin, Denay Wilding

This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.

For permission to use material from the product, submit your request via the Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to:

Permisssions Department

Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058

Composition and Electronic Capture

Kathy Sauer

Manufacturing

Rhonda Dover

Associate Product Manager

Marc Cormier

Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice.

While every effort has been made to secure permission to reprint material and to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Thomson Gale neither guarantees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or discrepancies. Thomson Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 76-46132

ISBN 0-7876-8916-5
ISSN 0276-8178

Printed in the United States of America 10987654321

Preface

S
ince its inception more than fifteen years ago, Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism (TCLC) has been purchased and used by nearly 10,000 school, public, and college or university libraries. TCLC has covered more than 500 authors, representing 58 nationalities and over 25,000 titles. No other reference source has surveyed the critical response to twentieth-century authors and literature as thoroughly as TCLC. In the words of one reviewer, “there is nothing comparable available.” TCLC “is a gold mine of information—dates, pseudonyms, biographical information, and criticism from books and periodicals—which many librarians would have difficulty assembling on their own.”

Scope of the Series

TCLC is designed to serve as an introduction to authors who died between 1900 and 1999 and to the most significant interpretations of these author’s works. Volumes published from 1978 through 1999 included authors who died between 1900 and 1960. The great poets, novelists, short story writers, playwrights, and philosophers of the period are frequently studied in high school and college literature courses. In organizing and reprinting the vast amount of critical material written on these authors, TCLC helps students develop valuable insight into literary history, promotes a better understanding of the texts, and sparks ideas for papers and assignments. Each entry in TCLCpresents a comprehensive survey on an author’s career or an individual work of literature and provides the user with a multiplicity of interpretations and assessments. Such variety allows students to pursue their own interests; furthermore, it fosters an awareness that literature is dynamic and responsive to many different opinions.

Every fourth volume of TCLC is devoted to literary topics. These topics widen the focus of the series from the individual authors to such broader subjects as literary movements, prominent themes in twentieth-century literature, literary reaction to political and historical events, significant eras in literary history, prominent literary anniversaries, and the literatures of cultures that are often overlooked by English-speaking readers.

TCLC is designed as a companion series to Thomson Gale’s Contemporary Literary Criticism, (CLC) which reprints commentary on authors who died after 1999. Because of the different time periods under consideration, there is no duplication of material between CLC and TCLC.

Organization of the Book

A TCLC entry consists of the following elements:

  • © The Author Heading cites the name under which the author most commonly wrote, followed by birth and death dates. Also located here are any name variations under which an author wrote, including transliterated forms for authors whose native languages use nonroman alphabets. If the author wrote consistently under a pseudonym, the pseudonym will be listed in the author heading and the author’s actual name given in parenthesis on the first line of the biographical and critical information. Uncertain birth or death dates are indicated by question marks. Singlework entries are preceded by a heading that consists of the most common form of the title in English translation (if applicable) and the original date of composition.
  • © A Portrait of the Author is included when available.
  • © The Introduction contains background information that introduces the reader to the author, work, or topic that is the subject of the entry.
  • © The list of Principal Works is ordered chronologically by date of first publication and lists the most important works by the author. The genre and publication date of each work is given. In the case of foreign authors whose
  • vii

    All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Duggan, Francis X. From Paul Elmer More. Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1966. Copyright © 1966 by Francis X. Duggan. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Gajdusek, Robert E. From Hemingway in His Own Country. University of Notre Dame Press, 2002. Copyright © 2002 by University of Notre Dame. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Gordimer, Nadine. From “English-Language Literature and Politics in South Africa,” in Aspects of South African Literature. Edited by Christopher Heywood. Africana Publishing Company, 1976. Copyright © Christopher Heywood, 1976. Reproduced by permission.—Harris, Michael R. From Five Counterrevolutionists in Higher Education. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1970. Copyright © 1970 Oregon State University Press. Reproduced by permission.—Hoeveler Jr., J. David. From The New Humanism: A Critique of Modern America, 1900-1940. University Press of Virginia, 1977. Copyright © 1977 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Reproduced by permission of the University of Virginia Press.—Kavanagh, Robert Mshengu. From Theatre and Cultural Struggle in South Africa. Zed Books Ltd., 1985. Copyright © Robert Mshengu Kavanagh, 1985. Reproduced by permission.—Knott, Toni D. From “The Critical Reception—Through Time,” in One Man Alone: Hemingway and To Have and Have Not. Edited by Toni D. Knott. University Press of America, Inc., 1999. Copyright © 1999 by University Press of America, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Lora, Ronald. From Conservative Minds in America. Rand McNally & Company, 1971. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Love, Glen A. From Practical Ecocriticism: Literature, Biology, and the Environment. University of Virginia Press, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the University of Virginia Press.—Moddelmog, Debra A. From “Queer Families in Hemingway’s Fiction,” in Hemingway and Women: Female Critics and the Female Voice. Edited by Lawrence R. Broer and Gloria Holland. The University of Alabama Press, 2002. Copyright © 2002 by the University of Alabama Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—O’Connor, William Van. From An Age of Criticism: 1900-1950. Henry Regnery Company, 1952. Copyright © 1952 Henry Regnery Company. All rights reserved. Reproduced by special permission of Regnery Publishing Inc., Washington D.C.—Stoneback, H. R. From “Freedom and Motion, Place and Placelessness: On the Road in Hemingway’s America,” in Hemingway and the Natural World. Edited by Robert E. Fleming. University of Idaho Press, 1999. Copyright © 1999 by the University of Idaho Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Whitley, Edward. From “Race and Modernity in Theodore Roosevelt’s and Ernest Hemingway’s African Travel Writing,” in Issues in Travel Writing: Empire, Spectacle, and Displacement. Edited by Kristi Siegel. Peter Lang, 2002. Copyright © 2002 by Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Yousaf, Nahem. From Alex La Guma: Politics and Resistance. Heinemann, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by Nahem Yousaf. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Random House Group Limited.

    PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN TCLC, VOLUME 162, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

    Babbit, Irving, portrait. Courtesy of Bowdoin College Archives.—Gordimer, Nadine, South African author, photograph by Wyatt Counts. AP/Wide World Photos.—Mandela, Nelson, 1990, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos.—Rioting in Soweto, South Africa, 1976, photograph. Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis.

    Thomson Gale Literature Product Advisory Board

    The members of the Thomson Gale Literature Product Advisory Board—reference librarians from public and academic library systems—represent a cross-section of our customer base and offer a variety of informed perspectives on both the presentation and content of our literature products. Advisory board members assess and define such quality issues as the relevance, currency, and usefulness of the author coverage, critical content, and literary topics included in our series; evaluate the layout, presentation, and general quality of our printed volumes; provide feedback on the criteria used for selecting authors and topics covered in our series; provide suggestions for potential enhancements to our series; identify any gaps in our coverage of authors or literary topics, recommending authors or topics for inclusion; analyze the appropriateness of our content and presentation for various user audiences, such as high school students, undergraduates, graduate students, librarians, and educators; and offer feedback on any proposed changes/enhancements to our series. We wish to thank the following advisors for their advice throughout the year.

    Barbara M. Bibel Heather Martin

    Librarian Arts & Humanities Librarian Oakland Public Library University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sterne Library Oakland, California Birmingham, Alabama

    Dr. Toby Burrows Susan Mikula

    Principal Librarian Librarian The Scholars’ Centre Indiana Free Library University of Western Australia Library Indiana, Pennsylvania Nedlands, Western Australia

    Thomas Nixon Celia C. Daniel Humanities Reference Librarian

    Associate Reference Librarian University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Davis Li-Howard University Libraries brary

    Washington, D.C. Chapel Hill, North Carolina

    David M. Durant Mark Schumacher

    Reference Librarian

    Joyner Library Jackson Library East Carolina University University of North Carolina at Greensboro

    Greenville, North Carolina Greensboro, North Carolina

    Nancy T. Guidry Gwen Scott-Miller

    Librarian Assistant Director Bakersfield Community College Sno-Isle Regional Library System Bakersfield, California Marysville, Washington