Project Editor

Scope of the Series

TCLC is designed to serve as an introduction to authors who died between 1900 and 1999 and to the most significant interpretations of these author’s works. Volumes published from 1978 through 1999 included authors who died between 1900 and 1960. The great poets, novelists, short story writers, playwrights, and philosophers of the period are frequently studied in high school and college literature courses. In organizing and reprinting the vast amount of critical material written on these authors, TCLC helps students develop valuable insight into literary history, promotes a better understanding of the texts, and sparks ideas for papers and assignments. Each entry in TCLCpresents a comprehensive survey on an author’s career or an individual work of literature and provides the user with a multiplicity of interpretations and assessments. Such variety allows students to pursue their own interests; furthermore, it fosters an awareness that literature is dynamic and responsive to many different opinions.

Every fourth volume of TCLC is devoted to literary topics. These topics widen the focus of the series from the individual authors to such broader subjects as literary movements, prominent themes in twentieth-century literature, literary reaction to political and historical events, significant eras in literary history, prominent literary anniversaries, and the literatures of cultures that are often overlooked by English-speaking readers.

TCLC is designed as a companion series to Gale’s Contemporary Literary Criticism, (CLC) which reprints commentary on authors who died after 1999. Because of the different time periods under consideration, there is no duplication of material between CLC and TCLC.

Organization of the Book

A TCLC entry consists of the following elements:

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permission.—Romance Studies, summer, 1991. Reproduced by permission.—The Southern Quarterly: A Journal of Arts in the South, v. 17, fall, 1978. Copyright © 1978 by the University of Southern Mississippi. Reproduced by permission.— The Spectator, v. 231, December 22, 1973; v. 233, October 19, 1974; v. 238, April 23, 1977; v. 238, October 15, 1977; v. 271, October 16, 1993. Copyright © 1973, 1974, 1977, 1993 by The Spectator. All reproduced by permission of The Spectator.—Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Foreign Literatures, v. 43, spring, 1989. Copyright © 1989 Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation. Reproduced by permission of the Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation, published by Heldref Publications, 1319 18th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036-1802.—Theater, v. 18, 1987. Copyright 1987 Yale School of Drama/Yale Repertory Theatre. Reproduced by permission.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL IN TCLC, VOLUME 147, WAS REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING BOOKS:

Archibald, Priscilla. From “Gender and Mestizaje in the Andes,” in Mixing Race, Mixing Culture: Inter-American Literary Dialogues. Edited by Monika Kemp and Debra J. Rosenthal. University Of Texas Press, 2002. Copyright © 2002. Reproduced by permission.—Castro-Klaren, Sara. From “‘Like a Pig, When He’s Thinkin’: Arguedas on Affect and on Becoming an Animal,” in The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below: Critical Edition. Edited by Julio Ortega and Christian Fernandez. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. Reproduced by permission.—Edwards, Paul. From “Introduction: Alfred Jarry: From Reading to Writing and Back Again,” in Collected Works of Alfred Jarry, Volume I: Adventures in ’Pataphysics. Edited by Alastair Brotchie and Paul Edwards. Translated by Paul Edwards and Antony Melville. Atlas Press, 2001. Copyright 2001 by Atlas Press. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—Fernandez, Christian. From “The Death of the Author in El Zorro De Arriba Y El Zorro De Abajo,” in The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below: Critical Edition. Edited by Julio Ortega and Christian Fernandez. Translated by Fred Fornoff. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. Reproduced by permission.—Fishbein, Leslie. From “Roots: Docudrama and the Interpretation of History,” in American History/American Television. Edited by John E. O’Connor. Ungar, 1983. Reproduced by permission of the author and the editor.—Hawley, John C., S.J. “We Wretched of the Earth: The Search for a Language of Justice,” in Postcolonial Literature and the Biblical Call for Justice. Edited by Susan VanZanten Gallagher. University Press of Mississippi, 1994. Reproduced by permission.—Kelly, Alita. From “The Persistence of Center: Jose Maria Arguedas and the Challenge to the Postmodern Outlook,” in Jose Maria Arguedas: Reconsiderations for Latin American Cultural Studies. Edited by Ciro A. Sandoval and Sandra M. Boschetto-Sandoval. Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1998. © 1998 by the Center for International Studies, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Reproduced by permission of Ohio University Press.—Nead, Lynda. From “Getting Down to Basics: Art, Obscenity and the Female Nude,” in New Feminist Discourses: Critical Essays on Theories and Texts. Edited by Isobel Armstrong. Routledge, 1992. Collection © 1992 Isobel Armstrong. Chapter © 1992 Lynda Nead. Reproduced by permission of the publisher and the author.—Perry, Curtis. From “Vaulting Ambitions and Killing Machines: Shakespeare, Jarry, Ionesco, and the Senecan Absurd,” in Shakespeare Without Class: Misappropriations of Cultural Capital. Edited by Donald Hedrick and Bryan Reynolds. Palgrave, 2000. Copyright © Donald Hedrick and Bryan Reynolds. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Palgrave Macmillan.—Rowe, William. From “Reading Arguedas’s ‘Foxes,’” in The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below: Critical Edition. Edited by Julio Ortega and Christian Fernandez. Translated by Fred Fornoff. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. Reproduced by permission.—Sandoval, Ciro A. From an Introduction to Jose Maria Arguedas: Reconsiderations for Latin American Cultural Studies. Edited by Ciro A. Sandoval and Sandra M. Boschetto-Sandoval. Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1998. © 1998 by the Center for International Studies, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Reproduced by permission.—Schumacher, Claude. From Alfred Jarry and Guillaume Apollinaire. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1984. Copyright 1984 by Macmillan Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Taylor, Helen. From Circling Dixie: Contemporary Southern Culture Through a Transatlantic Lens. Rutgers University, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by Helen Taylor. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Rutgers, The State University.

PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN TCLC, VOLUME 147, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

Clark, Sir Kenneth, photograph. The Library of Congress.—From a cover of Roots, by Alex Haley. Dell Books, 1977. Reproduced by permission of Dell Publishing, a division of Random House, Inc.—Haley, Alex, photograph. UPI/Corbis-Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.