Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism


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ISSN 0276-8178

Volume 158

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism

Criticism of the Works of Various Topics in Twentieth-Century Literature, including Literary, and Critical Movements, Prominent Themes and Genres, Anniversary Celebrations, and Surveys of National Literatures

Thomas J. Schoenberg

Project Editor

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 158
Project Editor

Thomas J. Schoenberg

Editorial

Jessica Bomarito, Kathy D. Darrow, Jeffrey W. Hunter, Jelena O. Krstovic´, Julie Landelius, Michelle Lee, Ellen McGeagh, Linda Pavlovski, Lawrence J. Trudeau, Russel Whitaker

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 76-46132

ISBN 0-7876-8912-2
ISSN 0276-8178

Printed in the United States of America 10987654321

Preface

S
ince its inception more than fifteen years ago, Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism (TCLC) has been purchased and used by nearly 10,000 school, public, and college or university libraries. TCLC has covered more than 500 authors, representing 58 nationalities and over 25,000 titles. No other reference source has surveyed the critical response to twentieth-century authors and literature as thoroughly as TCLC. In the words of one reviewer, “there is nothing comparable available.” TCLC “is a gold mine of information—dates, pseudonyms, biographical information, and criticism from books and periodicals—which many librarians would have difficulty assembling on their own.”

Scope of the Series

TCLC is designed to serve as an introduction to authors who died between 1900 and 1999 and to the most significant interpretations of these author’s works. Volumes published from 1978 through 1999 included authors who died between 1900 and 1960. The great poets, novelists, short story writers, playwrights, and philosophers of the period are frequently studied in high school and college literature courses. In organizing and reprinting the vast amount of critical material written on these authors, TCLC helps students develop valuable insight into literary history, promotes a better understanding of the texts, and sparks ideas for papers and assignments. Each entry in TCLCpresents a comprehensive survey on an author’s career or an individual work of literature and provides the user with a multiplicity of interpretations and assessments. Such variety allows students to pursue their own interests; furthermore, it fosters an awareness that literature is dynamic and responsive to many different opinions.

Every fourth volume of TCLC is devoted to literary topics. These topics widen the focus of the series from the individual authors to such broader subjects as literary movements, prominent themes in twentieth-century literature, literary reaction to political and historical events, significant eras in literary history, prominent literary anniversaries, and the literatures of cultures that are often overlooked by English-speaking readers.

TCLC is designed as a companion series to Thomson Gale’s Contemporary Literary Criticism, (CLC) which reprints commentary on authors who died after 1999. Because of the different time periods under consideration, there is no duplication of material between CLC and TCLC.

Organization of the Book

A TCLC entry consists of the following elements:

  • © The Author Heading cites the name under which the author most commonly wrote, followed by birth and death dates. Also located here are any name variations under which an author wrote, including transliterated forms for authors whose native languages use nonroman alphabets. If the author wrote consistently under a pseudonym, the pseudonym will be listed in the author heading and the author’s actual name given in parenthesis on the first line of the biographical and critical information. Uncertain birth or death dates are indicated by question marks. Singlework entries are preceded by a heading that consists of the most common form of the title in English translation (if applicable) and the original date of composition.
  • © A Portrait of the Author is included when available.
  • © The Introduction contains background information that introduces the reader to the author, work, or topic that is the subject of the entry.
  • © The list of Principal Works is ordered chronologically by date of first publication and lists the most important works by the author. The genre and publication date of each work is given. In the case of foreign authors whose

    • vii

    William. From The Argentine Generation of 1880: Ideology and Cultural Texts. University of Missouri Press, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by the Curators of the University of Missouri. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the University of Missouri Press.—Guillaume, Alfred J. From “Negritude and Humanism: Senghor’s Vision of a Universal Civilization,” in The Harlem Renaissance: Revaluations. Edited by Amritjit Singh, William S. Shiver, and Stanley Brodwin. Garland Publishing, 1989. Copyright © 1989 by Amritjit Singh, William S. Shiver, and Stanley Brodwin. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc., and the author.—Hollander, Paul. From Anti-Americanism: Irrational and Rational. Copyright © 1995, by Transaction Publishers. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Transaction Publishers.—Hollander, Paul. From The Many Faces of Socialism: Comparative Sociology and Politics. Transaction Books, 1983. Copyright © 1983, by Transaction, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Transaction Publishers.—Irele, Abiola. From “The Negritude Debate,” in European-Language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edited By Albert S. Gérard. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986. Copyright © 1986 by Coordinating Committee of A Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the author.— Katra, William. From “The Poetic Tradition of the Gaucho,” in Cowboy Poets and Cowboy Poetry. Edited by David Stanley and Elaine Thatcher. University of Illinois Press, 2000. Copyright © 2000 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the University of Illinois Press.—Kennedy, Ellen Conroy. From an Introduction in The Negritude Poets: An Anthology of Translations from the French. Edited by Ellen Conroy Kennedy. Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1975. Copyright © 1975 by Ellen Conroy Kennedy. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Kirkpatrick, Gwen. From “Cultural Identity, Tradition, and the Legacy of Don Segundo Sombra,” in Ricardo Güiraldes: Don Segundo Sombra. Edited by Paul Verdevoye. Copyright De Esta Edición 1996: Signatarios Acuerdo Archivos. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Moore, Gerald. From “The Politics of Negritude: Frantz Fanon, Léopold Senghor, Léon Damas, Aimé Césaire, David Diop, and Tchicaya U’Tamsi,” in Protest and Conflict in African Literature. Edited by Cosmo Pieterse and Donald Munro. Heinemann, 1969. Copyright © 1969 by Cosmo Pieterse, Donald Munro, and contributors. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Harcourt Education.—Mphahlele, Es’kia. From Critical Perspectives on Léopold Sédar Senghor. Three Continents Press, 1965. Copyright © 1965, 1993 by Es’kia Mphahlele. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Pallister, Janis L. From Aimé Césaire. Twayne Publishers, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by Twayne Publishers. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group.—Ryan, Alan. From “Bertrand Russell’s Politics: 1688 or 1968?,” in Adventures with Britannia. Edited by Wm. Roger Louis. Copyright © 1995 by British Studies, The University of Texas at Austin. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.— Slatta, Richard W. From Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier. University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Copyright © 1983 by the University of Nebraska Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Spell, Jefferson Rea. From Contemporary Spanish-American Fiction. University of North Carolina Press, 1944. Copyright © 1944 by the University of North Carolina Press; © renewed 1972 by Lota Rea Wilkinson. Used by permission of the publisher.—Spleth, Janice. From Léopold Sédar Senghor. Twayne Publishers, 1985. Copyright © 1985 by G. K. Hall & Company. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group.—Woodward, C. Vann. From The Old World’s New World. The New York Public Library/Oxford University Press, 1991. Copyright © 1992, by C. Vann Woodward. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.—Yoder, Carroll. From White Shadows: A Dialectical View of the French African Novel. Three Continents Press, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by Carroll Yoder. Reproduced with permission of Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.—Zhang, Hong. From America Perceived: The Making of Chinese Images of the United States, 1945-1953. Copyright © 2002, by Hong Zhang. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, CT.

    PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN TCLC, VOLUME 158, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

    Césaire, Aimé, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Four gauchos relaxing on the Pampas, c. 1900-1920, Argentina, photograph. CORBIS/Hulton-Deutsch Collection. Reproduced by permission.—Lugones, Leopoldo, photograph.—Mailer, Norman, photograph. Getty Images. Reproduced by permission.

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    Barbara M. Bibel Heather Martin

    Librarian Arts & Humanities Librarian Oakland Public Library University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sterne Library Oakland, California Birmingham, Alabama

    Dr. Toby Burrows Susan Mikula

    Principal Librarian Librarian The Scholars’ Centre Indiana Free Library University of Western Australia Library Indiana, Pennsylvania Nedlands, Western Australia

    Thomas Nixon Celia C. Daniel Humanities Reference Librarian

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