The Seagull | Copyright

These eNotes are an offprint from Drama For Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Dramas.

Drama For Students

Project Editor David Galens

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The editors wish to thank the copyright holders of the excerpted criticism included in this volume and the permissions managers of many book and magazine publishing companies for assisting us in securing reproduction rights. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Detroit Public Library, the Library of Congress, the University of Detroit Mercy Library, Wayne State University Purdy/Kresge Library Complex, and the University of Michigan Libraries for making their resources available to us. Following is a list of the copyright holders who have granted us permission to reproduce material in this volume of Drama for Students (DfS). Every effort has been made to trace copyright, but if omissions have been made, please let us know.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIALS IN DfS, VOLUME 12, WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING PERIODICALS:

Ball State University Forum, v. 20, Spring, 1979. © 1979 Ball State University. Reproduced by permission.—Eugene O’Neill Review, v. 13, Spring 1990. © Copyright 1990 by Eugene O’Neill Review. Reproduced by permission.—Hudson Review, v. 25, Winter, 1972–73. Copyright © 1972 by The Hudson Review, Inc. Reproduced by permission.— Melus, v. 7, Spring 1980. Copyright © MELUS: The Society for the Study of Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States, 1980. Reproduced by permission.— Modern Drama, v. 12, December 1969; v. 30, September 1987. Copyright © 1969, 1987 University of Toronto, Graduate Centre for Study of Drama. Reproduced by permission.—The Nation, New York, v. 178, May 29, 1954. Copyright © 1954 The Nation magazine/ The Nation Company, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—The New Leader, v. 68, Arpil 8, 1985. Copyright © 1985 by The American Labor Conference on International Affairs, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—The New Republic, v. 3823, April 25, 1988. © 1988 The New Republic, Inc. Reproduced by permission of The New Republic.— The New York Times, April 19, 1970. Copyright © 1970 by The New York Times Company. Reproduced by permission.—The New Yorker, v. XLVI, No. 9, April 18, 1970; v. 70, July, 1994. Copyright © 1970 by The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. ©1994 by John Lahr. Originally published in The New Yorker. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the authors.—Slavic Review, v. 47, Fall 1988. Copyright (c) 1988 by American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Reproduced by permission.—The Southern Review, Louisana State University, v. 21, No. 3, Summer 1985 for ‘‘Mother, Sister, Wife: A Dramatic Perspective,’’ by Anthony Barthelemy. Copyright ©1985, by Anthony Barthelemy. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Studies in American Drama, 1945-Present, v. 6, 1991. Reproduced by permission.—Theatre History Studies, v. 20, June 2000. Copyright © 2000 by Theatre History Studies. Reproduced courtesy, Theatre History Studies.— Theatre Journal, v. 35, March, 1985. Theatre Journal: © 1985, University and College Theatre Association of the American Theatre Association. Reproduced by permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.

COPYRIGHTED MATERIALS IN DfS, VOLUME 12, WERE REPRODUCED FROM THE FOLLOWING BOOKS:

Adler, Thomas P. From Mirror on the Stage: The Pulitzer Plays as an Approach to American Drama. Purdue University Press, 1987. Reproduced by permission.—Barnett, Gene A. From Lanford Wilson. Twayne Publishers, 1987. Copyright © Macmillan Library Reference. Reproduced with the permission of Macmillan Library Reference USA, a division of Ahsuog, Inc.—Carpenter, Frederick Ives. From Eugene O’Neill. Twayne Publishers, 1964. © Macmillan Library Reference, 1964. Reproduced with the permission of Macmillan Library Reference USA, a division of Ahsuog, Inc.—Dean, Anne. From David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action. Associated University Presses, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by Associated University Presses. Reproduced by permission.—Demastes, William W. From Beyond Naturalism. Greenwood Press, 1988. Copyright © Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Griffin, Alice. From Understanding Tennessee Williams, edited by Matthew J. Burccoli. Copyright © 1995 by University of South Carolina Press. Reproduced by permission.—Hirsch, Foster. From A Portrait of an Artist: The Plays of Tennessee Williams. Copyright © Kennikat Press. Reproduced by permission of author.—Hogan, Robert. From The Independence of Elmer Rice. Southern Illinois University Press, 1965. Copyright © 1965 by Southern Illinois University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Jain, Jasbir. From ‘‘Feminist Drama: The Politics of the Self: Churchill and Keatley,’’ in Women’s Writing: Text and Context, edited by Jasbir Jain. Rawat Publications, 1996. Reproduced by permission.—Nolan, Paul T. From ‘‘The Green Pastures,’’ in Marc Connelly. Twayne Publishers, 1969. Copyright © Macmillan Library Reference. Reproduced with the permission of Macmillan Library Reference USA, a division of Ahsuog, Inc.

PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN DFS, VOLUME 12, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

Act I from a Moscow Art Theater production of ‘‘The Seagull’’ by Anton Chekhov, 1905, photograph. From Konstantin Stanislavsky: Selected Works, compiled by Oksana Korneva. Raduga Publishers, Moscow, 1984.—Act III of a Moscow Art Theater production of ‘‘The Seagull’’ by Chekhov (with Stanislavsky, Lilina and Roksanova), 1905, photograph. From Konstantin Stanislavsky: Selected Works, compiled by Oksana Korneva. Raduga Publishers, Moscow, 1984.—Chekov, Anton, photograph. International Portrait Gallery/Library of Congress.— Churchill, Caryl, photograph. © Jerry Bauer. Reproduced by permission.—Connelly, Marc, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—de Hartog, Jan, photograph. Copyright © Marjorie de Hartog. Reproduced by permission.— Elliott, Denholm (l), holding balance bar, as Samuel West watches him, scene from theatrical production of David Mamet’s ‘‘A Life in the Theatre,’’ at Theatre Royal. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission.—Field, Betty, standing near bed along with Burgess Meredith, (illustration, upper corner) newlywed couple kissing at window, playbill cover from Jan de Hartog’s theatrical production of ‘‘The Fourposter,’’ directed by Jose Ferrer, at Ethel Barrymore Theatre, photograph. Performing Arts Books. Reproduced by permission of Performing Arts Books and Playbill Inc.—Garbo, Greta, with Clarence Brown, photograph. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—Goddard, Beth (l), as Kit, sitting next to Lesley Sharp, as Angie, scene from theatrical production of Caryl Churchill’s ‘‘Top Girls,’’ at Royal Court Theatre. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission—Gogol, Nikolai (thin mustache, in dark coat), illustration. Corbis-Bettmann. Reproduced by permission.— Goody, Bob (l), as Osip, leaning over Timothy Spall, scene from theatrical production of Nikolai Gogol’s ‘‘The Government Inspector,’’ at Greenwich Theatre. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission.—Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, photograph.— Joanne Woodward, in a scene from the film ‘‘Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds,’’ 1972, photograph. Twentieth Century Fox. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.— Kaye, Danny, wearing general’s uniform, standing at table with Walter Sklezak and others, scene from the film ‘‘The Inspector General,’’ photograph. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—Kelly, Janis (with Kristine Ciesinski) in ‘‘Street Scene,’’ photograph. © Donald Cooper/ PHOTOSTAGE. Reproduced by permission.—Lam, Sarah, as Nijo, gathered at table with Deborah Finalay, as Isabella Bird, Lesley Sharp, as Dull Gert, and Lesley Manville, as Marlene, scene from theatrical production of Caryl Churchill’s ‘‘Top Girls,’’ at Royal Court 91. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission.—Mamet, David, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.— Miller, Jason, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Newman, Paul, photograph. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—O’Neill, Eugene G., photograph. The Library of Congress.—People relaxing in front of apartment building, scene from the film ‘‘Street Scene,’’ 1931, photograph. United Artists. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—Playbill from theatrical production of Joseph A. Walker’s ‘‘The River Niger,’’ directed by Douglas Turner Ward, at Brooks Atkinson Theatre, title page. Performing Arts Books. Reproduced by permission of Performing Arts Books, and Playbill Inc.—Playbill text page of cast, from theatrical production of Joseph A. Walker’s ‘‘The River Niger,’’ directed by Douglas Turner Ward, at Brooks Atkinson Theatre, photograph. Performing Arts Books. Reproduced by permission of Permforming Arts Books, and Playbill Inc.—Playbill title page from theatrical production of Jan de Hartog’s ‘‘The Fourposter,’’ directed by Jose Ferrer, at Ethel Barrymore Theatre, magazine cover. Performing Arts Books. Reproduced by permission of Performing Arts Books and Playbill Inc.—Rex, Ingram, photograph. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—Rice, Elmer (wearing patterned tie, round black framed glasses), New York City, 1931, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Richarson, Natasha, and Chris Christopherson, scene from theatrical production of Eugene O’Neill’s ‘‘Anna Christie,’’ at Young Vic Theatre. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission.—Robert Knepper, being embraced by Clare Higgins, scene from theatrical productions of Tennessee Williams’ ‘‘Sweet Bird of Youth,’’ at Royal National Theatre, photograph. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission.— Simon, Neil, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Sorvino, Paul, standing with Richard A. Dysart ©, Charles Durning (2nd from r), Walter McGinn, Michael McGuire on playbill cover from theatrical production of Jason Miller’s ‘‘That Championship Season,’’ at the Booth Theatre, directed by A. J. Antoon, cover illustration by R. Kursar. Performing Arts Books. Reproduced by permission of Performing Arts Books, and Playbill Inc.—Sperdakos, George, dancing with Kerrie Keane, scene from theatrical production of ‘‘Talley’s Folly,’’ at Theatre Plus, photograph by Mr. Robert C. Ragsdale. Reproduced by permission.— Sperdakos, George, sitting with Kerrie Keane, scene from theatrical production of Lanford Wilson’s ‘‘Talley’s Folly,’’ at Theatre Plus, photograph by Mr. Robert C. Ragsdale. Reproduced by permission.— Walken, Christopher, standing in rain with Matthew Broderick, scene from the film ‘‘Biloxi Blues,’’ photograph. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.—West, Samuel, standing behind Denholm Elliott, scene from theatrical production of David Mamet’s ‘‘A Life in the Theatre,’’ at Theatre Royal. © Donald Cooper. Reproduced by permission.—White man pointing to black man as two black women look on, playbill cover from theatrical production of Marc Connelly’s ‘‘The Green Pastures,’’ at Forty-Fourth Street Theatre, photograph. Performing Arts Books. Reproduced by permission of Performing Arts Books, and Playbill Inc.—Williams, Tennessee (wearing dark tie with metallic polka dots), 1955, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Wilson, Lanford (hair blowing in the breeze), New York City, 1980, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.—Woodward, Joanne with Nell Potts, in a scene from the film ‘‘Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds,’’ 1972, photograph. Twentieth Century Fox. The Kobal Collection. Reproduced by permission.— Woolfe, Eric, sitting, holding book, watching four others actors, scene from theatrical production of Neil Simon’s ‘‘Biloxi Blues,’’ at The Grand Theatre, photograph by Mr. Robert C. Ragsdale. Reproduced by permission.—Zindel, Paul, photograph. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.