Turkish Capitulations Begin

Article abstract: Turkish capitulations begin under a binding treaty, rather than as a unilateral edict issued by the sultan, and initiate major, lasting French involvement in Ottoman affairs.

Summary of Event

Capitulations are based on the Islamic doctrine or custom of aman. Aman allows a Muslim community or any individual within the community to grant protection to any specified individual or small group of non-Muslims. Only the imam, the religious leader of the community, or the sultan, however, could give protection to groups of...

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