Russian Military in the Twentieth Century

The Russian military, although undergoing a restructuring since the fall of communism, remained a formidable military power, second only to the United States. In the year 2000, its arsenal included (approximately): active military manpower of 2,500,000; reserve manpower of 1,000,000; 45,000 tanks and armored vehicles; 6,000 combat planes; five aircraft carriers; 68 attack submarines, 49 of which are nuclear powered; and 6,000 nuclear warheads.

Several factors, however, diminished the Russian military’s overall effectiveness: low morale, particularly among an officer corps that...

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