Robert Guiscard

Article abstract: Military significance: Robert established Norman dominance in southern Italy by destroying papal resistance and eliminated Lombard and Greek influence in the region.

Robert Guiscard began his exploits in Italy as a brigand but quickly established a reputation as an astute tactician. Robert, the hero of the Normans at the Battle of Civitate (1053), and his brothers crushed the papal army of Leo IX. After his brothers’ deaths, he established his leadership of the Normans of Apulia and was recognized as duke by the pope.

Having convinced...

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