Muhammad ʿAlī Pasha

Article abstract: Military significance: First fighting and then joining the French during the Napoleonic Wars, Muhammad ʿAlī created the modern Egyptian state by defeating his enemies. Although he failed to replace the sultan in his war against Turkey in the 1830’s, he did confirm his dynasty.

Muhammad ʿAlī, an Albanian police official and tobacco merchant from Kavalla, led his city’s company against the French in Egypt (1798). His action at the Battle of Aboukir (1799) distinguished him as an outstanding leader and a courageous warrior. He later became...

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