Kalmar Wars

Article abstract: At issue: Swedish independence. Result: Sweden achieves independence.

Background

In 1388, Queen Margaret of Denmark succeeded to the throne of Norway, and in the same year, the Swedish nobility, after enduring decades of domestic instability and a series of weak rulers, elected Margaret as queen of Sweden. This personal union of the three kingdoms was transformed into a formal federation in 1397 by the Union of Kalmar. Although each kingdom retained a great deal of control over internal matters, Copenhagen would remain the center of...

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