Holy Roman Empire-Papacy Wars

Article abstract: At issue: The Investiture contest and controversy. Result: The struggle ended in a draw, with neither side winning conclusively but the papacy becoming greatly politicized; the battles generally demonstrate the efficacy of infantry equipped with pikes, crossbows, and horses and illustrate the usefulness of the Neopolitan Saracen troops as an efficient destructive force.

Background

The German emperors of the eleventh and twelfth centuries usually appointed their favorites to bishoprics by “investing” them with ring and staff, the...

[The entire page is 1529 words long]

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