Frederick I Barbarossa

Article abstract: For thirty-eight years Frederick ruled over the chaotic area of the Holy Roman Empire. While he failed to unite effectively his German territories with the city-states of northern Italy, he nevertheless imposed his personality and power on a strong German feudal state.

Early Life

Germany in the twelfth century was undergoing enormous social transformation. An increase in the population, unmatched by a corresponding economic revolution, put great pressure on a political structure based largely on personal loyalties. Simultaneously there...

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