Dutch Wars of Independence

Article abstract: At issue: Spanish authority and the future of Catholicism in the Low Countries. Result: Dutch victory, partition of the Low Countries, establishment of the Dutch Republic.

Background

In the sixteenth century, aristocrats, provincial states, and urban councils administered the Spanish Netherlands until King Philip II appointed officials who imposed new taxes and infringed on the autonomies of traditional authorities. Like his father Charles I, who became Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Philip opposed Protestantism, and concurrent with his...

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