Claude Bernard

Article abstract: Bernard is called the “father of physiology,” having developed the experimental methods and conceptual framework needed to change physiology from a primarily deductive science based on statistics to one which could discover empirical data using procedures borrowed from chemistry.

Early Life

Claude Bernard’s parents were vineyard workers, and Bernard retained a lifelong attachment to the vineyards, returning there each fall to relax and help with the grape harvest and, later, to make his own wine. In the fields of his boyhood, he...

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