Ch’ien-lung

Article abstract: Ch’ien-lung presided over an empire unprecedented in size and power. Under his rule, China reached its apex, enjoying a long span of peace, order, and prosperity.

Early Life

The Manchus, a vassal tribe of China situated on its northeast border, rose against China as early as 1616, seizing control of all Manchuria by 1621. Between 1610 and 1640, there was much unrest in China itself, with various factions competing for power (that is the gentry, the literati, the eunuchs, and the military). Some rebellious generals defected to the...

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