Battle of ʿAyn Jālūt

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Article abstract: Type of action: Ground battle in the Mongol invasion of Syria. Result: First decisive defeat of Mongol army

ʿAyn Jālūt resulted from Mongol probes into Syria and Mamlūk efforts to throw them back. The Mongol’s devastation of Iraq helped unite the normally factious Mamlūks, producing a powerful force that left Cairo in late summer, 1260.

Sultan Qutuz, the Mamlūk commander, held several advantages. His army was much larger, his cavalry was elite, while their shod horses endured rocky Syria better than unshod Mongol ponies. Despite...

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