Project Editor

Janet Witalec

Editorial

Jenny Cromie, Kathy D. Darrow, Lemma Shomali, Timothy J. Sisler, Carol Ullmann

Data Capture

Francis Monroe, Gwen Tucker

© 2004 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license.

For more information, contact

Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our internet site at http://www.gale.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.

Poetry Criticism, Vol. 56

Indexing Services

Synapse, the Knowledge Link Corporation

Rights and Acquisition Management

Denise Buckley, Lori Hines, Ann Taylor

Imaging and Multimedia

Dean Dauphinais, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell

This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.

For permission to use material from the product, submit your request via the Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to:

Permisssions Department

Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058

Composition and Electronic Capture

Kathy Sauer

Manufacturing

Rhonda Williams

Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice.

While every effort has been made to secure permission to reprint material and to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Thomson Gale neither guarantees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or discrepancies. Thomson Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 91-118494

ISBN 0-7876-7454-0
ISSN 1052-4851

Printed in the United States of America 10987654321

David Brooks. Reproduced by permission.—Brown, Lloyd Wellesley. From West Indian Poetry. Twayne Publishers, 1978. Copyright © 1978 by G. K. Hall & Co. Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group.—Caws, Mary Ann. From René Char. Twayne Publishers, 1977. Copyright © 1977 by G. K. Hall & Co. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group.—Dash, J. Michael. From West Indian Literature, 2nd Edition. MacMillan Education Ltd., 1995. Copyright © 1995 for Selection, Editorial matter, Introduction and Chapter 17 by Bruce King and copyright © 1995 for Chapters 2-16 and Chapters 18-19 by Macmillan Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—Hess, Linda. From The Bijak of Kabir. North Point Press, 1983. Copyright © 1983 by Linda Hess. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Kelly, Van. From “Suffering and Expenditure: Baudelaire and Nietsche in Char’s Poetic Territory,” in Baudelaire and the Poetics of Modernity. Edited by Patricia A. Ward. Vanderbilt University Press, 2001. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2001 by Vanderbilt University Press. Reproduced by permission.—LaCharite, Virginia A. From The Poetics and the Poetry of René Char. Published by the University of North Carolina Press. Copyright © 1968 by the Department of Romance Languages, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Reproduced by permission of the publisher.— LaCharite, Virginia A. From “The Conflicts of Art: René Char’s Placard Pour Un Chemin Des Écoliers,” in Rewriting the Good Fight: Critical Essays on the Literature of the Spanish Civil War. Edited by Frieda S. Brown, Malcolm Alan Compitello, Victor M. Howard, and Robert A. Martin. Reproduced by permission.—Loesch, Katharine T. From “Welsh Bardic Poetry and Performance in the Middle Ages,” in Performance of Literature in Historical Perspectives. Edited by David W. Thompson. Copyright © 1983 by University Press of America, Inc. Reproduced by permission.—Maver, Igor. From Readings in Contemporary Australian Poetry. Peter Lang, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Peter Lang AG, European Academic Publishers. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission.—McWatt, Mark A. From “Looking Back at The Arrivants,” in For the Geography of the Soul: Emerging Perspectives on Kamau. Edited by Timothy J. Reiss. Africa World Press, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by Timothy J. Reiss. Reproduced by permission.—Morris, Mervyn. From “Overlapping Journeys: The Arrivants,” in The Art of Kamau Brathwaite. Edited by Stewart Brown. Seren, 1995. Copyright © 1995 for Introduction & Editorial by Stewart Brown and for Content of the Essays by the Essayists. Reproduced by permission of the author.— Pollard, Velma. From “Francina and the Turtle and All the Others: Women in EKB,” in For the Geography of the Soul: Perspectives on Kamau. Edited by Timothy J. Reiss. Africa World Press, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by Timothy J. Reiss. Reproduced by permission.—Rohlehr, Gordon, and E. A. Markham. From Hinterland: Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies & Britain. Bloodaxe Books, 1995. Copyright © 1989 by E. A. Markham. Reproduced by permission.—Scott, David

C. From Kabir’s Mythology. Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1985. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Starobinski, Jean. From “René Char and the Definition of the Poem,” in Figuring Things: Char, Ponge, and Poetry in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Charles D. Minahen. Copyright © 1994 by University of Nebraska Press. Reproduced by permission.— Steele, Peter. From “Peregrinations of A. D. Hope,” in The Double Looking Glass: New and Classic Essays on the Poetry of A. D. Hope. Edited by David Brooks. University of Queensland Press, 2000. Copyright © 2000 by David Brooks. Reproduced by permission of Peter Steele and David Brooks.—Torres-Saillant, Silvio. From Caribbean Poetics: Towards an Aesthetic of West Indian Culture. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press.—Vaudeville, Charlotte. From A Weaver Named Kabir: Selected Verses with a Detailed Biographical and Historical Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1993. Copyright © 1993 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.—Worton, Michael. From “Introduction,” in The Dawn Breakers Les Matinaux. Bloodaxe Books, 1992. Copyright © 1992 by Michael Worton. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the author.—Wright, Judith. From Preoccupations in Australian Poetry. Oxford University Press, 1965. Reproduced by permission of ETT Imprint.—Zwicky, Fay. From The Lyre in the Pawnshop: Essays on Literature and Survival, 1974-1984. University of Western Australia Press, 1986. Copyright © 1986 by Fay Zwicky. Reproduced by permission of the author.

PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN PC, VOLUME 56, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

Brathwaite, Edward Kamau, photograph by Gil Jain, University of Oklahoma. Reproduced by permission of World Literature Today and Gil Jain.—Char, René (-Emile), photograph by Lutfi Ozkok. Reproduced by permission.—Hope, Alec Derwent, photograph. Reproduced by permission of the National Library of Australia.

Thomson Gale Literature Product Advisory Board

The members of the Thomson Gale Literature Product Advisory Board—reference librarians from public and academic library systems—represent a cross-section of our customer base and offer a variety of informed perspectives on both the presentation and content of our literature products. Advisory board members assess and define such quality issues as the relevance, currency, and usefulness of the author coverage, critical content, and literary topics included in our series; evaluate the layout, presentation, and general quality of our printed volumes; provide feedback on the criteria used for selecting authors and topics covered in our series; provide suggestions for potential enhancements to our series; identify any gaps in our coverage of authors or literary topics, recommending authors or topics for inclusion; analyze the appropriateness of our content and presentation for various user audiences, such as high school students, undergraduates, graduate students, librarians, and educators; and offer feedback on any proposed changes/enhancements to our series. We wish to thank the following advisors for their advice throughout the year.

Barbara M. Bibel

Librarian Oakland Public Library Oakland, California

Dr. Toby Burrows

Principal Librarian The Scholars’ Centre University of Western Australia Library Nedlands, Western Australia

Celia C. Daniel

Associate Librarian, Reference Howard University Washington, D.C.

David M. Durant

Reference Librarian Joyner Library East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina

Nancy Guidry

Librarian Bakersfield Community College Bakersfield, California

Steven R. Harris

English Literature Librarian University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee

Mary Jane Marden

Collection Development Librarian St. Petersburg College Pinellas Park, Florida

Heather Martin

Arts & Humanities Librarian University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sterne Library Birmingham, Alabama

Susan Mikula

Director Indiana Free Library Indiana, Pennsylvania

Thomas Nixon

Humanities Reference Librarian University of North Carolina, Davis Library Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Mark Schumacher

Jackson Library University of North Carolina Greensboro, North Carolina

Gwen Scott-Miller

Assistant Director Sno-Isle Regional Library System Marysville, Washington

Donald Welsh

Head, Reference Services College of William and Mary, Swem Library Williamsburg, Virginia