Nov 14, 2009

Plato's Republic | Introduction

The Life and Work of Plato
As a citizen of Athens, Plato’s life was a product of a society dominated by war outside of the state and the direct practice of democracy within it. Above and beyond these influences, however, one must turn to Plato’s mentor Socrates (469–399 B.C.) to understand Plato’s thought.

Socrates was the self-appointed gadfly of Athens. Avoiding the Assembly in favor of more private audiences, he questioned and occasionally ridiculed the assumptions upon which Athenians built their beliefs. While this won Socrates many young followers, it also earned him numerous enemies. This led to his being brought to trial on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth of Athens in 399 B.C.. His defense, recorded in Plato’s Apology, failed to sway the jury in his favor, and he was condemned to death. While he could have escaped, Socrates chose death.

Socrates’ death was the major formative event in Plato’s youth, turning him away from politics and toward philosophy. His early writings, primarily records of the words of Socrates (Tredennick, 1969), displayed Socrates’ famed teaching method of conducting informal question-and-answer sessions with small groups of men. As Plato progressed, he continued to use Socrates as the main character in his dialogues, although the thoughts he expressed became Plato’s own.

After spending more than a decade away from Athens after Socrates’ death, Plato eventually returned to found the Academy. There he attempted to turn aspiring politicians into “philosophic statesmen” (Cornford, in Lee, 1974). He also attempted to turn kings toward philosophy, both through correspondence and personal visits to their courts (Lee, 1974). Plato died in Athens in 347 B.C., leaving behind the unfinished manuscript to The Laws.

Plato's Republic Summary

Socrates, visiting Polemarchus’ house, enters into a conversation on the nature of justice. Several different definitions are presented by the various guests. After finding each of these lacking, Socrates attempts to define justice himself. This requires that he first describe justice on the scale of the state (or “The Republic”). Here, Socrates finds justice to be each person performing the task at which he1 excels.

Since the modern “fevered” state necessitates soldiers, Socrates asserts that a method must be found to ensure that they do their job well. He then lays out a system of education that will make them the best possible soldiers. Out of this well-disciplined group, the rulers of society—the Guardians—will be chosen. The goal of society will be the happiness of the community, a goal that will be achieved because of the beliefs held by the various classes.

After discussing the role of philosophy and the philosopher in society, Socrates concludes that the philosopher would be the ideal ruler.... » Complete Plato's Republic Summary